ATAR Notes: Forum
HSC Stuff => HSC Science Stuff => HSC Subjects + Help => HSC Biology => Topic started by: teodora.simic on July 26, 2015, 03:11:35 pm
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A BAND 6 BIO STUDENT: HOW DID I DO IT? :o
If you’re striving for a band 6 in Biology this is definitely worth a read. Having recently just done the HSC and gotten a band 6 in Bio, I’ve decided to share my top tips which I’m sure can get you there too:
1.DETAIL/CLARITY
For some subjects, detail in your responses isn’t always necessary, it’s more about getting the main ideas down. Bio is not one of these subjects. Annoying as it is, memorising in Biology is definitely something that allowed me to achieve my Band 6. This is because wording in your responses is extremely important in getting full marks for this subject, so even if you do understand the content, you may not be able to word it properly on the spot especially because there’s so much information to structure.
The reason I almost always got full marks in my short answers/extended responses in Bio is because, for each question, I would put as much relevant detail as I knew. By detail, I don’t mean specific dates, but I do mean e.g. names of scientists, exactly what they did. After doing a few past papers, you see exactly what the wording of the question is requiring
e.g. benefits and limitations of artificial blood (usually 7 marks):
-describe WHAT artificial blood is
-development of artificial blood throughout the ages
-describe the different types offered currently and how they work
-what are their benefits and limitations
-assessment of each – are they a good substitute for normal blood?
If it’s a 5 or more mark question, always plan out the structure of your response (either in your head or on paper).
If your option is Communication, the HSC extended response (20 marks) will usually be on a communication technology e.g. if it asks about hearing technology, include ALL the detail: how a normal person hears, what certain things may be going wrong for someone to not hear properly (i.e. how this normal process is disrupted), different hearing technologies e.g. hearing aid, cochlear implant, and of course, how they work and allow normal hearing, and their advantages and disadvantages, and finally an assessment at the end. YES, this may seem like a lot, but trust me, this is the way to full marks for your response.
If you’d like to ask me to review a structure for an extended response please don’t hesitate to ask as I can definitely help you with this.
2. STUDY NOTES – MAKE THEM AS YOU GO!
Because the detail in Bio is super important, I can’t even explain how useful really good study notes for this subject are. The best tip: MAKE THEM YOURSELF. This way you 100% understand what you’re writing, because you’re doing it in your own words which also makes it more concise. Make sure you’re writing them as you learn things, not just a week before the exam, because then the info will still be in your head, freshly learned and understood, and you’ll actually have time to review the notes throughout the year.
Handwriting is the best e.g. on palm cards (I used the bigger sizes). On one side, write the dot point (e.g. types of ectotherms and endotherms) and on the other side, write all the info under that dot point (if you’re concise but still include all the detail, it can actually all fit on one palm card per dot point!).
This study method is really effective, because whenever you have some spare time you can go through the cards in a relatively short amount of time e.g. in the morning, before bed, on the bus to school etc., and that way you can make sure you’re studying throughout the year (rather than just cramming the night before!).
Remember to study at the time you’re most effective (mine was as soon as I woke up or later in the night).
You can see my study notes that I've typed up - I'll post them over the next few days.
3.LISTENING IN CLASS
Because Bio is such a content heavy subject, and as I’ve said above detail is really important, your attention in class needs to be 100%. This is beneficial because:
1.you will already understand the content and easily be able to make notes and
2.your study time is shortened because you’ll actually remember what you’ve learnt in class.
Let me tell you that this point is so important – I used to waste a lot of time in class and used to get home, basically reteach myself everything, make sure I understood it, write notes for it, and THEN studied. As you probably guess that’s really time consuming, and so if you’ve already got the first 2 steps out of the way you’ll have plenty of spare time to catch up on other work or even binge watch your favourite TV shows.
4. ARE TRIALS EVEN IMPORTANT?
Everything that you do in year 12 is going to count towards your final mark, so yes it’s important. Of course trials are not worth as much as the final HSC exam, but if you do your best in these and get a good mark, then, I can say from experience, you won’t be as stressed and pressured to get a crazy high mark in the final exam – and because you’re not freaking out so much, you’ll probably end up doing really well anyway.
Honestly, if you concentrate in class, write your notes, and study them regularly, there’s no way you can’t excel in this subject.
If your mark isn’t exactly what you expected, don’t let it get you down. Review your paper, pick out key things that you need to work on, and persevere at it until you get it! Then you’ll be set for the HSC exam.
5. DON’T FORGET A BALANCED LIFESTYLE
Remember, your brain can’t work non-stop. Trust me, you can afford yourself breaks! Do 30 mins of intensive exercise every few days, watch TV, go out with friends – give yourself time to relax and recover.
Remember to eat right and sleep at least 8 hours a night, because this way you’ll definitely be more motivated and your mind will think more clearly which is always a positive! You can always have some junk food too but don’t overdo it because you’ll feel sluggish and unmotivated.
By the time the exam comes, you should be relatively confident, so you can just read over your notes the night before and morning of the exam so it’s all fresh in your mind.
FINAL NOTE
If you’re working hard and doing your best, there’s no way you won’t be able to achieve a band 6. If you have any questions about content or study tips, PLEASE ask because I’m so happy to help :) :) :)
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Thanks for the great advice! :D
Could you please recommend any tips about how to approach practical examinations?
Although I can remember the information, it feels more difficult to be prepared for.
Thanks,
Cat
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Hi Cat,
I'm glad you found the advice useful! With practical exams, the most useful thing to know is that they're very straightforward and are not out to trick you - it's testing your basic skills i.e. graphing, using measuring equipment, safety in the lab etc. All of these has their own mini set of rules, so just make sure you're up to date with them.
The only part you can really 'study' for is knowing your rules for validity and reliability (and accuracy).There are set details you need to mention for each one:
for example, I used to memorise Validity by the acronym SAD BC
Source - did the source come from a valid place? Eg an educational website (yes)
Author - is the author credible? Eg a teacher (yes)
Data - is there sufficient data (figures, tables) to back up what the source is saying?
Bias - is there any bias present which may limit the validity of the source?I.e. Could the opinion held by the author influence the validity of the source E.g. a source about the ethics of genetically modifying animals written by a vegan would have strong bias.
Current - is it outdated? Usually a source within 5 years has validity for its currency.
So basically, you have to use these key ideas to analyse any source. For methods, for validity all you need to know is that the experiment tests the aim - if it does, it's valid.
I hope this helped, and feel free to message me with any more questions! :) :) :)
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Hi Teodora!
Thanks for the advice! I'm a Year 11 student, taking my HSC Bio exam at the end of this year. I was just wondering if there was any particular way you would recommend taking notes? There is not much stats and stuff in the Bio that I'm studying, so I guess I can't use the SARD method. How would you recommend remembering the information? Thanks so much!
Belkelly
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Hi! I'm reaally concerned with dot points that get us to analyse from secondary sources i.e. our own research. I've looked at some sample answers on past papers and I feel like there's a lot of stats and facts that they do which is a little intimidating. So, how do you know what is important and relevant to the topic, and should you memorise stats and the dates that correspond with it? e.g. 30% of the male population in Australia were regular smokers in 2009 (this is probably false) :D
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Hi,
Was wondering if you had any tips on a research assessment which is based on the contributions of scientists in blueprint of life chapter.
Thanks would help alot
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Hey guys! Here is an example of the kind of palmcards I made for Bio, if you're interested. I don't think there's a point including every little detail - you'll have a huge stack and it won't help at all! I focused on the main ideas that were content (and diagram!) heavy.
(http://66.media.tumblr.com/4e4e50a5ec919076730a49b0a84f9e97/tumblr_inline_nhndpyCgmZ1qd9avi.jpg)
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Thank you!!!
This guide is awesome, I just thought I would add that if you are an artistic person, DRAW a nephron, the dissection of a kidney, protein synthesis and all that good stuff as it takes out like 20 pages of reading (plus sometimes you have to draw some of this stuff in exams). Also, if you don't feel like studying, this is like educative procrastination.
STRONGLY RECOMMEND!!
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Thank you!!!
This guide is awesome, I just thought I would add that if you are an artistic person, DRAW a nephron, the dissection of a kidney, protein synthesis and all that good stuff as it takes out like 20 pages of reading (plus sometimes you have to draw some of this stuff in exams). Also, if you don't feel like studying, this is like educative procrastination.
STRONGLY RECOMMEND!!
Awesome advice: I didn't do Biology, but all of my friends who did (and achieved really highly) used this study technique.
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Something that might help people out with getting good results for Bio.
Note Making not Taking
Something I was told a while back was to make notes not take them. If you don't have them yet or do, have a full set of notes for biology make sure it has as much info as you think you need (this may seem like a lot and it possibly will be but hear me out) and make sure you understand them really well ( If you don't have a full set of notes why not take a look at the notes on the website http://atarnotes.com/notes/?state=3719 or even purchase some notes at the store here http://atarnotes.com/product/hsc-biology-notes/ ;)
After you've done that, add any EXTRA tidbits or cool information about Bio that you may be able to take into an exam. Be unique and different in an exam and markers are sure to notice that. If you have statistics, slap those into a response and you'll be noticed even more. This will ensure that your notes are your own notes and you'll be able to understand the content better. I do recommend typing these massive notes out first in separate documents based on subject (Maintaining a Balance, Blueprint of Life etc.) This is what I call my MASTER NOTES cause they have all the info that I could need
Time to CONDENSE
This bit can get tricky but what you have to do is trim down the notes you've typed up. This is where a pen and spare workbook comes in handy as you will want to write these condensed notes down to memorize it better (muscle memory is really helpful when condensing notes)
When you get a line of information such as "The Mitochondria is known as the powerhouse of the cell as it is involved in the metabolic functions of the cell by performing respiration in order to produce ATP and Water with Carbon Dioxide as a Byproduct" you want to summarize that into a line of info like "Mitochondria --> powerhouse of the Cell --> Respiration (ATP, H2O, CO2)" this way you have the same depth of knowledge in less space
Try to develop your own system of shorthanded words to make the sentences even smaller. For example, you can change reactions into rxs or excess into xs, approximately into approx. and so on. Whilst it may take some time, I can guarantee that it will help you consolidate the information for Bio really well. (When I condensed my information, I took a 15 page document to a 3 page condensed version of notes)
Little tip would be to try and colour code your notes if it helps you separate the dotpoints in a subject, subheadings are a big plus too
Time to go SUPER/Cutting the Fat
An idea I got from Jake from the Trials Lectures was to make a set of Super Notes, this basically involves cutting out any of the information you've memorized or already know out of your condensed notes so that they only consist of specific information that you absolutely can't memorize. This way all the notes you have for the entire syllabus could be as little as 5 pages (If you haven't seen Jake's super notes on Chemistry I HIGHLY recommend taking a look cause they are insanely condensed and contain high amounts of profanity)
ONE WORD - PRACTICE
This is the most obvious and highly predicted point for any HSC subject. Practice makes perfect. Do a ton of past papers and you'll be more successful for Biology. If you have to, repeat the SAME paper for Biology, after you finish one, hand it in to your teacher or your tutor of one of the LOVELY people on ATARNotes and get them to mark it for you. Find where your weaknesses are and repeat the questions you didn't get 100% on again until you do. You can't get any worse if you practice it. After doing enough papers you'll gradually get an idea about where a question is going and what information you'll need to answer it and get full marks.
What is very important however if to read the question fully (RTFQ=Read the FULL question) and to annotate the key words (is it an explain or describe, if it's explain you need cause and effect language, if it's assess or evaluate you need a judgement, if it is discuss you need points for and/or against, if it is a verb that is higher than explain then ALL POINTS GIVEN must ALSO be explained to get full marks) and take the time to carefully deconstruct 7-8 mark questions
That's All Folks, hopefully this helped out a little bit in terms of getting notes done and practicing for Trials or Half Yearlys or Yearlys or even the HSC.
If you need any help with question or Bio concepts, feel free to come over the forum Biology Question Thread in this question thread which I started up. Don't be shy or embarrassed cause we're all in this for the long haul and everyone wants to get good marks.
See you on the Forums
Skidous
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Great Advice! Thank You so much!
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usually when I'm trying to remember Biology content i make Pneuomics and they really work because sometimes they're absolutely silly but it sticks. Also reading your notes out loud also really helps. When i do past papers i sometimes answer any compare type questions in a table format to clearly show the differences between them and to make sure i don't skip anything.
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Hey there,
DO you have any tricks for figuring out exactly what the markers are looking for in a response?
Even though I plan my long responses I often miss key words/details and I don't know how to change this/find a method to deal with it.
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Hey there,
DO you have any tricks for figuring out exactly what the markers are looking for in a response?
Even though I plan my long responses I often miss key words/details and I don't know how to change this/find a method to deal with it.
Hey there, next time you want to ask a question please try to direct yourself to the question thread.
When wanting to know what the markers want you to write, deconstruct the question, look for the key vocabulary words (explain, discuss, assess etc.) and then from there any words relating to content (i.e. communication, homeostasis, variation, developments in technology etc,) and then move into any words outlining the question that indicate what you should relate the content to (organisms, models etc.) and then look out for plurals as missing out on those will guarantee lost marks.
If you have an Assess or Evaluate question you will need to make a judgement so make it very clear even if you have to underline it, highlight it and write it in all caps. Usually when you get a 5-8 mark question they will be asking for multiple examples from different areas so make sure you have a decent structure like speaking about one part of the question before moving onto a different part of the question so that it flows smoothly.
Hope this Helps, see you in the forums
Skidous :)
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Hello, for my short response or long response, could we be able to write in dot point form? Not all of it, like if you don't know the full sentencing?
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Thanks for the advice! I did notice that in bio, i would loose marks for things i didnt even know i needed. Like i knew the information, but didnt think it was necessary for that question.
It was cool of you to write this :)
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Hello, for my short response or long response, could we be able to write in dot point form? Not all of it, like if you don't know the full sentencing?
This is allowed in any science course. Just use it with caution.
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This is allowed in any science course. Just use it with caution.
Alright, can you please explain what you meant by caution?? :)
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Thanks for the advice! I did notice that in bio, i would loose marks for things i didnt even know i needed. Like i knew the information, but didnt think it was necessary for that question.
It was cool of you to write this :)
Hey what did you mean by 'lose marks for things i didnt even know i needed'?
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Alright, can you please explain what you meant by caution?? :)
Basically, only use dot-points if you're listing out pieces of information. If you're explaining how something works, or analysing something, it is generally better to use full sentences. However, if you're running out of time, dot point away!
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can we use tables?
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Should my notes be long or short and concise? Which one is more beneficial?
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Should my notes be long or short and concise? Which one is more beneficial?
For your FIRST set of notes they should be long with as much information as possible. This helps with learning the content
Your SECOND set of notes should be short and concise in order to help REMEMBER key points and information about your study
There is also a THIRD set of notes which consists of only the information you either have trouble remembering or haven't memorised yet.
The benefits of each notes vary on their uses. LONG notes are good for learning whilst SHORT notes are better for memorising and carrying around.
Long notes are better suited for weekly study as your finish dot points in the syllabus.
Short and Concise notes are better suited for daily memorisation during the exam period
MASTER Notes (only stuff you can't remember) are best used for a few days and right before an exam.
Hope this helps
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can we use tables?
For my study notes I used a lot of tables for anything that you could possibly compare. In an exam I wouldn't recommend using a table to answer the question unless low on time as it's difficult to elaborate properly and demonstrate to the markers that you actually know what is going on. I found I had to use a table in my trials for chemistry as I was running low on time. It was a memorised table that I had in my head ready to go if a question on this specific topic popped up. It turned out the table I wrote out didn't answer the question at all and i lost 3 easy marks on a topic I knew. Just advice though, everyone is different and if you feel confident that you can answer what the question asks in a table then go ahead. All the best
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Hi!
Would you recommend drawing methods in exams for Biology? My fear is that I wont get the full marks even though some of my teachers have suggested that drawing can maximise your marks. I know I can mix it up with a bit of writing, but does that waste time in your opinion?
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Hi!
Would you recommend drawing methods in exams for Biology? My fear is that I wont get the full marks even though some of my teachers have suggested that drawing can maximise your marks. I know I can mix it up with a bit of writing, but does that waste time in your opinion?
Hi Diala,
I think I only drew a diagram once in my HSC exam because I believed that I could express what I wanted to say better in writing, so really you have to think about what works better for you.
I do not recommend drawing 'methods' in a HSC exam. A method should be a numbered list of all the steps you took to complete your experiment in my opinion, which is what is taught all throughout Years 7-12. The only thing you could do is add drawings to your method to better express the layout of your experiment.
Good luck! :)
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This was so helpful, thankyou !!
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My notes for each module are very very thorough, about 30 pages for each module...is that alright or too much?
the main reason theyre so long is cos im scared that i might leave something important out
so my question is typically how many pages should notes for each module be?
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My notes for each module are very very thorough, about 30 pages for each module...is that alright or too much?
the main reason theyre so long is cos im scared that i might leave something important out
so my question is typically how many pages should notes for each module be?
Hi Daniyahasan,
Having detailed notes is always a fantastic start, as long as you understand everything within them. From my experience, I didn't feel like I needed long notes for Biology, and it was more important to spend time doing practice papers. I would advice using your detailed notes to make more condensed study tools, such as palm cards or summary sheets/posters. Ultimately you won't end up using all the information in your notes, so practice papers are the best way to find out what is most important. I would recommend having a skim through the other notes on the site to give you some idea of what might be essential, and what you could condense your notes down to. Good luck! :)
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Hi Daniyahasan,
Having detailed notes is always a fantastic start, as long as you understand everything within them. From my experience, I didn't feel like I needed long notes for Biology, and it was more important to spend time doing practice papers. I would advice using your detailed notes to make more condensed study tools, such as palm cards or summary sheets/posters. Ultimately you won't end up using all the information in your notes, so practice papers are the best way to find out what is most important. I would recommend having a skim through the other notes on the site to give you some idea of what might be essential, and what you could condense your notes down to. Good luck! :)
yep ill do that ! thank you
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How would you approach your studies for Bio exams?
Right now I just go through past papers. Should I be re-writing notes? I get really anxious during exams and it makes me buckle under pressure.
Any tips?
Charbella :)
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How would you approach your studies for Bio exams?
Right now I just go through past papers. Should I be re-writing notes? I get really anxious during exams and it makes me buckle under pressure.
Any tips?
Charbella :)
Hi Charbella,
Practice papers are the absolute best things you can be doing right now in preparation for trials, so you're on the right track. I wouldn't recommend rewriting all your notes if you're already happy with them. However, one thing that I would do up until the HSC would be to read through my notes, and whenever I came across something super important, like a definition or a useful diagram, I would write it out on an A4 sheet. I tried to fit one topic area (i.e. all of Maintaining a Balance) onto one sheet, to really make sure I was understanding concepts, not just memorising loads of content. Basically by the end of the HSC, the notes I would study off for Bio were about 4 pages long.
That was just my style, but I think it's a great way of picking out what are important things to memorise. It also really helped with managing anxiety, because it made me feel calm to think that an entire topic was on one page, and that's all I needed to memorise for the exam.
Trust me, Bio is totally manageable, and you can do it :) I hope this helps!
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I'm super confused about a Communication dotpoint because I'm receive 2 different answers. In the textbook it says that when detecting yellow light the blue and green cones are responding, however, websites and pictures depict red and green cones responding to interpret yellow. Which is correct?
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Hi guys~
For biology exams, I will generally do well for the written response but I will do horrendously for the multiple choice section. I just had my exam a few days ago and I'm sure I've lost at least 5 marks out of 20 already (for multiple choice section) Any tips on how to combat this?
thank you~~
From theyam
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Hi guys~
For biology exams, I will generally do well for the written response but I will do horrendously for the multiple choice section. I just had my exam a few days ago and I'm sure I've lost at least 5 marks out of 20 already (for multiple choice section) Any tips on how to combat this?
thank you~~
From theyam
Hi!
In my honest opinion, MCQs are the toughest part of an exam. It’s either correct or incorrect; no half-marks given in contrast to Section 2. My advice would be to know the content inside out, ensuring that you know exactly which answer to pick out of the four options. When looking at a question for the first time, eliminate answers that are completely incorrect (usually two). Then, think through the remaining two, explaining to yourself why one is correct and one is incorrect. Practice is key for this section: get your hands on as many past papers as you can!
Hope this helps :)
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I heard that bio is one of those subjects where as any asnwer you can dotpoint or even draw a diagram? to what extent is this truth becuase this would be extremely helpful- especially for the section where we have to explain the eyes/ears and technologies
thankyou
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I heard that bio is one of those subjects where as any asnwer you can dotpoint or even draw a diagram? to what extent is this truth becuase this would be extremely helpful- especially for the section where we have to explain the eyes/ears and technologies
thankyou
Hi Dani01!
Yes it is true that you can explain an answer with a diagram / dot points, or use a diagram to aid your answer.
Biology is not an english subject so as long as you can get your point across and convey your understanding, then you don't have to answer with an essay; dot points are fine. Using dot points is also a great way to keep your answers concise!
Using diagrams is also another great way to demonstrate your knowledge because it shows your markers you have a true understanding of the content, and haven't just rope-learned a textbook. If you go onto the HSC Biology Challenge Questions Thread https://atarnotes.com/forum/index.php?topic=185693.0, there was a question on there asking "Why is it difficult to determine whether the disease is dominant or recessive". The best way to answer this question would be to use diagrams of a pedigree to demonstrate how the disease could be dominant, and a pedigree to show how the disease could be recessive, and then write a short paragraph or sentence at the end saying something like, "Hence, as each of the pedigrees are viable patterns of inheritance, it is difficult to determine whether the disease is dominant or recessive."
Hope this helps!!
:)
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Hey out of the following which are chemical response in the lines of defense.
- mucous membrane
- inflammation
- phagocytosis
- cell death
- fever
- lymph system
and what exactly is the difference. i would consider fever chemical simply because of the protein interlukin 1. but i saw that in the CSSA fever was physical and a chemical repsonse was production of histamines. (so would this mean that inflammation is chemical).
thanks!!
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Hey out of the following which are chemical response in the lines of defense.
- mucous membrane
- inflammation
- phagocytosis
- cell death
- fever
- lymph system
and what exactly is the difference. i would consider fever chemical simply because of the protein interlukin 1. but i saw that in the CSSA fever was physical and a chemical repsonse was production of histamines. (so would this mean that inflammation is chemical).
thanks!!
Hi!
Based on the syllabus, I think you might need to consider it more like 'physical vs chemical barriers' rather than 'physical vs chemical responses'.
Either way, for the first line of defence, I would consider the 'chemicals' response as more of a 'chemical barrier'.
This would include stomach acid, alkali conditions in the small intestine (pH levels) and enzymes in the mouth which can all destroy pathogens.
For the second line of defence, I would classify the actual inflammation (eg. dilation of blood vessels) as physical, but the release of histamines at the site as chemical, as the histamines are actually chemicals released from the damaged tissues to stimulate the physical response.
I would classify fever as physical, because the increase in temperature can cause some pathogens to be denatured/deactivated, however is is a physical, not a chemical response. I don't think you need to go as deep down as knowing about the protein interlukin 1.
In summary:
- mucous membrane - physical: This is a physical barrier that traps pathogens
- inflammation - physical: The process of inflammation is to increase blood flow to the site
↪ Releasing histamines, and the action of histamines, is chemical
- phagocytosis - physical: the phagocyte engulfs the pathogen / pathogenic cell
- cell death - physical: the actual apoptosis and necrosis processes are physical, but during these processes, they can release chemicals to signal for other phagocytic cells to come and 'clean up'
- fever - physical: increase in temperature can cause some pathogens to be denatured/deactivated,
- lymph system - physical and chemical in the second line of defence: Pathogens are drained to the lymph nodes via the lymph fluids (physical) where they are killed/neutralised by immune cells (chemical)
I hope this is somewhat helpful!
Also just FYI, in future I would probably post questions like this in the Biology Questions Thread :D
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Hi!
Based on the syllabus, I think you might need to consider it more like 'physical vs chemical barriers' rather than 'physical vs chemical responses'.
Either way, for the first line of defence, I would consider the 'chemicals' response as more of a 'chemical barrier'.
This would include stomach acid, alkali conditions in the small intestine (pH levels) and enzymes in the mouth which can all destroy pathogens.
For the second line of defence, I would classify the actual inflammation (eg. dilation of blood vessels) as physical, but the release of histamines at the site as chemical, as the histamines are actually chemicals released from the damaged tissues to stimulate the physical response.
I would classify fever as physical, because the increase in temperature can cause some pathogens to be denatured/deactivated, however is is a physical, not a chemical response. I don't think you need to go as deep down as knowing about the protein interlukin 1.
In summary:
- mucous membrane - physical: This is a physical barrier that traps pathogens
- inflammation - physical: The process of inflammation is to increase blood flow to the site
↪ Releasing histamines, and the action of histamines, is chemical
- phagocytosis - physical: the phagocyte engulfs the pathogen / pathogenic cell
- cell death - physical: the actual apoptosis and necrosis processes are physical, but during these processes, they can release chemicals to signal for other phagocytic cells to come and 'clean up'
- fever - physical: increase in temperature can cause some pathogens to be denatured/deactivated,
- lymph system - physical and chemical in the second line of defence: Pathogens are drained to the lymph nodes via the lymph fluids (physical) where they are killed/neutralised by immune cells (chemical)
I hope this is somewhat helpful!
Also just FYI, in future I would probably post questions like this in the Biology Questions Thread :D
thankyou! yeah I did consider it as barriers instead of responses but was just fazed by the CSSA paper on responses. Also I will keep that in mind for next time, thanks for your help :)