ATAR Notes: Forum
Uni Stuff => Universities - Victoria => University of Melbourne => Topic started by: chiral on April 30, 2012, 09:09:12 pm
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Hey guys,
I hope there are people doing MBB1 here so we cld work on the exam questions together ;)
I'm posting up all the questions, share your ideas/thoughts/confusions etc. I'll be posting up my answers once i start answering which would probably be about next week sometime. However I thought i'll post the questions up now for those who are eager and are starting now :)
Please only use this thread to answer questions and ideas on the questions otherwise it will get too messy.
1. Which of the following best describes the Platonic view of vision and the world?
2. Which of the following is the alternative view which is illustrated in the writing of
Friedrich Nietzsche?
3. The world that we visually sense is entirely dependent upon……
4. Excitation refers to…….
5. Sensation refers to…….
6. At what stage in the visual pathway is an action potential first generated?
7. What do L,M and S denote when applied to cones?
8. What reason may you have for expecting the photoreceptors to be physically anchored
on the retina despite the observation that this means that there is neural matter
between the light source and the photoreceptor?
9. A colour space is……
10. Orthogonality in the vector representation of signal-coding confers which of the
following properties upon that stage of the system?
11.Which statement best describes a receptive field?
12.What is the most likely format of the first spatially structured (or differentiated) receptive
fields in the visual system?
13.The receptive field arrangement referred to in Question 12 confers what properties to
the system?
14.The term “opponency” refers to…..
15.Why, when considering the processing of the neural signal, is the actual physical
location of any visual neurone other than the photoreceptors, arbitrary?
16.Why, however, is the relative location of any sensory neurone potentially important?
17.What is meant by the term “retinotopic mapping”?
18.What is meant by “tonotopic mapping”?
19.The term “phase-coherence” refers to the hypothesis that…..
20.The idea of modularity in visual processing refers to……
21.What reason may you have for questioning the assumption that the LGN is just a relay
station for signals traveling from the retina to the cortex?
22. Taken as a population, primary visual cortical (v1) neurones have what critical
property?
23. An example of context-dependency in vision is......
24. What is red?
25. An attentionally-controlled motion system may….
26.The visual system appears to dissociate motion-signals elicited by eye-movements or
from retinal motion by.....
27. The spatial structure of natural textures is consistent with the properties of the system
because……
28. “Place theory” in hearing refers to…..
29. “Frequency theory” in hearing refers to…..
30. “Adaptation” refers to...
31. What is meant by the term “parallel processing”...
32. The terms M and P in the context of the visual system refer to....
33. A form of parallel processing in the auditory system is implemented in the cochlear
nucleus by…….
34. Information is...
35. A vector is...
36. One critical similarity between the visual and auditory systems is ……..
37. One critical difference between visual and auditory systems is……..
38.Which two structures or processes exploit the properties of orthogonality in their
operation?
39. What aspect of the relationship between the stimulus and the cortical representation is
different between vision and audition
40. The theoretical hierarchy established by David Marr is……
41. “Retino-cortical expansion” refers to.....
42. The two most likely kinds of motion detector in the human visual system are called….
43. The three critical dimensions of vision are…
44. The term “Biological motion” describes…..
45. Interaction between V1 orientation-selective receptive fields follows what ʻlawsʼ?
46. The visual system is sensitive to……
47.What critical neural interaction is affected by, among other things, hallucinogenic
drugs?
48. Your experience of reality is…..
49. Synaesthesia is….
50. One fish, two fish,…….
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hey, i've got most of the answers, but need help with a few
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hey foolishangel,
i am doing them on Saturday so i'll post up my answers then, we can compare and maybe I will be able to help you with the ones you don't get :)
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Hey guyssss, I'm also trying to do the questions and I have no idea if my answers are even on the right track. If someone could please post their answers now, seriously whatever you've got, I would appreciate that so then I can check to see I'm on the right track, and then when I work out my answers I'll post them all :) :) thanks!
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Hey everyone there are also a few questions that i am still unsure on but have done most of the answers so if we could exchange answers that would be amazing :)
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^I'll be exchanging tomorrow night when i go through them all ;D
I'll post them then ;)
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1. Vision: as a reflection of what is out, however good your reflection is your perception is enhanced
2. The other end is- vision and construct of reality is a product of the brain and there is no external world it is just in your head. For example when you dream your in a reality that is purely inside your head. We all have internal thoughts going on. Vision as a constructive process.
3. Individual experience
6. In the ganglion cells of the retina
7. They denote cones that respond optimally to long, medium or short wavelength light (roughly red, green and blue in that order). It's called the trichromatic theory of vision and it's all very clever: Because the distributions of the cone's responses overlap your brain can use mean firing to infer the actual wavelength. Anyway, the short and simple answer is L=long, M=medium and S=short.
11. Sheet of photo receptors
The part of the visual world that the neuron is responsive to (that it "sees").
What the visual stimulus needs to be in order to elicit spikes.
14. Colour opponency refers to the fact that there are three pairs of colours which have been described as those that “cannot live with each other, and yet cannot live without each other”. They are red-green, blue-yellow, and white black. For, as most people know, when we look at a green surface for a brief period of time and then transfer our gaze to a neutral, blank, screen the colour of the after image is red. A yellow surface will produce a blue after image and a white surface a black one.One explanation of these opponent effects – the one most often repeated – is that they are due to adaptation in the retina. The explanation here is something like this: that a green surface reflects more green light, leading to the adaptation of the “green” or middle wave receptors. Thus adapted, the activity in the opponent “red” receptors holds sway. The result – we perceive red.
17. In lower visual areas (e.g., V1 through V5) the neurons are organized in an orderly fashion called topograpphic or retinotopic mapping, in the sense that they form a 2D representation of the visual image formed on the retina in such a way that neighboring regions of the image are represented by neighboring regions of the visual area.
18. tonotopy (from Greek tono- and topos = place) is the spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain. Tones close to each other in terms of frequency are represented in topologically neighbouring regions in the brain. Tonotopic maps are a particular case of topographic organization, similar to retinotopy in the visual system.
20. In cognitive neuroscience, visual modularity is an organizational concept concerning how vision works. The way in which the primate visual system operates is currently under intense scientific scrutiny. One dominant thesis is that different properties of the visual world (color, motion, form and so forth) require different computational solutions which are implemented in anatomically/functionally distinct regions that operate independently – that is, in a modular fashion.
28. The Place theory, in its most modern form, states that the inner ear acts as a tuned resonator which extracts a spectral representation of the incoming sounds which it passes via the auditory nerve to the brainstem and the auditory cortex. This process involves a tuned resonating membrane, the basilar membrane, with frequency place-mapping. In other words, each position on the basilar membrane is associated with a particular characteristic frequency (CF)
29. Early forms of the frequency theory were sometimes referred to as telephone theories and assumed that the auditory nerve passed complete time domain representations of the incoming acoustic signal to the brain in a manner analogous to the way the waveform of a speech sound is transformed into fluctuating voltages in a telephone line. This theory assumes that a complete time domain representation of the incoming waveform is directly encoded in the pattern of firings of the auditory nerve.
31. Parallel pathways generally exhibit these 4 main characteristics:
1. Physiologically/functionally distinct. For example, the M cells conduct neural signals faster, while P cells represent more constant stimulus presence. A simple hypothesis is that M cells contribute to fast/transient processing (visual motion perception, eye movements) while P cells contribute more to recognition (object recognition, face recognition, etc).
2. Anatomically distinct. The dendritic trees of P cells are always smaller than the M cells (remember that they're also called "midget" cells). Note that dendritic trees of both types of cell get larger as you move from fovea to periphery.
3. Complete coverage (or nearly complete). Both M and P cells cover the entire retina.
4. Recombine. The M and P cells are separated in the LGN (different layers) but recombine in visual cortex (although some separation still exists)
32. Retinal ganglion cells actually come in 2 sorts: M (magnocellular, or parasol) and P (parvocellular, or midget).
• P cells also exhibit color-opponent responses: their firing is also dependent on the wavelength of light in their receptive field. M cells do not exhibit color-opponency.
• M cells make transient responses: they fire action potentials when a stimulus is introduced, but quickly fade if the stimulus does not change. P cells, meanwhile, give sustained responses to stimuli in their receptive field.
35. A quantity having direction as well as magnitude, esp. as determining the position of one point in space relative to another.
48. subjective
49. A rather peculiar condition in which the senses get cross-wired. For example, a person with synethesia may see colours when they hear a sound, or can actually taste words; stimulation of one sense, it seems, causes an inappropriate stimulation of another.
That is what I have done thus far, if anyone has the other answers please post them up, it'll save everyone time :)
and if anyone wants to make any corrections please do so
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Got some answers here that i have worked out. Feel free to correct me if i'm wrong.
6. At what stage in the visual pathway is an action potential first generated?
When the image from the outside world is imprinted on the retina of the eye ie a photon becomes a receptor output. That sends signals to the primary visual cortex via action potentials
9. A colour space is defined as a method by which a particular light and colour may be
represented such that its definition is unique and replicable
12.What is the most likely format of the first spatially structured (or differentiated) receptive fields in the visual system?
Center-surround organization (2D donut shaped) receptive field with ON-receptors (excitatory) in the middle and OFF-receptors (inhibitory) in the periphery. Increasing events in the centre of the receptive field increases the output and vice versa.
13.The receptive field arrangement referred to in Question 12 confers what properties to the system?
Cone opponency?
15.Why, when considering the processing of the neural signal, is the actual physical location of any visual neurone other than the photoreceptors, arbitrary?
This is an issue of spatiotemporal volume. The properties of the receptive field are independent of the location of the neuron since all receptive fields in the visual system have some relationship to the x,y,t space that constitutes the axes of the visual input but located at varying positions within the visual pathway; photoreceptors are our only link to the visual world. Once the photoreceptors have encoded the relevant information it doesn't make any difference where that info is processed
16.Why, however, is the relative location of any sensory neurone potentially important?
This is because any other imagery that we perceive is first and foremost detected by the photoreceptors/neuron. Without this initial point of contact, everything else does not exist since all direct contact with the image is lost; the relative location of any sensory neuron is important because lines/contours next to each other in the 'real world' have to be represented next to each other in the mind, otherwise they would just be random lines and we wouldn't be able to work out for example the outline and consequently the shape of something.
19.The term “phase-coherence” refers to the hypothesis that an edge or border is signaled consistently across all scales of analysis.
21.What reason may you have for questioning the assumption that the LGN is just a relay station for signals traveling from the retina to the cortex?
There are more connections carrying signals from the cortex BACK to the LGN than from the LGN to the cortex.
22. Taken as a population, primary visual cortical (v1) neurones have what critical property?
Also known as striate cortex. V1 represents everything that one is able to see as all visual input to the cortex enters at this point. Output of individual neurons at this stage is still not very specialized since data is represented in a fairly general way. Higher cortical areas ie V2 onwards modifies responses of neurons from V1.
23. An example of context-dependency in vision is straight matchsticks arranged into a curve gives the whole impression of a curve even though individual matchsticks are straight.
24. What is red?
Red is a colour that is subjective and its perception varies depending on the experience of each individual. The world we perceive is a construct of the operation of the system and hence red to me would be a different hue/shade to someone else just because of the perceptions and associations we form to the colour.
30. “Adaptation” refers to reduced sensitivity to stimulation as a result of repeated exposure to stimulus.
31. What is meant by the term “parallel processing”?
The ability of the brain to do many things/processes simultaneously. Eg identifying an object requires colour, depth, form, motion etc. A black car is only seen as a black car when there is a combination of various inputs from different parts of the visual system.
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Thanks xyling!
we don't have much left anymore :)
The ones remaining are: 4,5, 8, 10, 25, 26, 27, 33, 36-47
if anyone has the answers to the above could you please post them and if anyone finds any corrections please feel free to correct ;)
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Hiya, thanks so much for everything up thus far, I think it fantastic that we can discuss these tricky (and difficult to find and revise) questions.
In contribution, firstly I wonder if q. 26 has something to do with motion with delays and multipy. :o (stuff covered in lecture 5, one can look at the slides to see about it not just having to listen to the lectures)
Secondly, I think Q. 40 (D Marr) is - The theoretical hierarcy established by Marr is that it is more effiecient to analyse a complex imput parallel in term of its fundamental modules than in serial (bott of hierarcy). Therefore, parallel is top of hierarchy, serial (bottom of hierarchy) (lecture 7) I'm pretty sure this is his theoretical hierarchy.
What do you say? I'm just trying to find the answers and help. I hope they're not completely off, well my answer to q. 40 is certainly not. Cheers! :)
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It's funny beacuse we have no idea which perpective the question is coming from or rather the possible answers, if you know what I mean, for example, in answer to question 3 (The world that we visually see is entirely dependent upon...), anonymous 1 stated Individual experience, which I hadn't thought of and which I think is good, I thought the possible answers (a,b,c,d) would be like (the world we visually see is entirely dependent upon)- The retina, which is the only contact we have with the world. (Of course photo receptors absorb fotons on the back of the retina and that's how we see.)
I also thought I'd add my take on question 14 (Opponency)Opponency refers to the relationship between the surround and the centre of a recpeptive field. INcreasing in the surround decreases the output, and increasing events in the centre increases the output, therefore the centre and surround are opponent to one another.
As I recognise that we don't know the possible answers for each question I suppose it is best to have a few ideas, anyway I dunno. Like in question 1 about the Platonic view, he might provide four different analogies and then expect us to apply theory, but that wouldn't be very hard given that the first two questions are seemingly easy. (Hopefully they're as easy as I think!)
Damn! I wish more people could contribute to this questioning we're doing and get some of the rest going.
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It's funny beacuse we have no idea which perpective the question is coming from or rather the possible answers...
Hence why I think subject-wise, not area of study, it is an Arts subject and not a science subject. Also, it's not as cheap as other science subjects either. I have a feeling the uni is charging it as an arts subject.
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@mbb1student
thanks for the corrections and your views it's really appreciated. :)
I wish there were more people contributing too, maybe there isn't many MBB1 students around...?
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What's MBB1?
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What's MBB1?
Mind, Brain and Behaviour 1.
Basically first year, first semester psychology. So no prizes for guessing what MBB2 is. :P
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Hi guys, this is really good stuff from everyone, thank you so much.
Here are my answers to some of the missing questions, i am not 100% certain they are accurate, and for Q49) i have 4 sets of solutions, which all might be related.
Please feel free to correct any of them.
Cheers!
49. Synaesthesia is….
*A condition in which one type of sensory stimulation creates perception in another sense.
**A curious condition where there is a mingling of the senses due to cross-wiring in the brain. Hearing a musical note for example might cause a person with synesthesia to see a particular colour; C is red, F sharp is blue. Or perhaps the number 2 is always green and 5 always blue.
***Other people may taste spoken words, for example, on hearing the word 'table' they might taste apricots, whereas ‘book’ tastes like tomato soup and ‘telephone’ tastes like earwax.
****(From Lecture)
The involuntary conjoint perception across two modalities:
- A ‘common’ example is letter/colour
- A more interesting example is sound/colour
47.What critical neural interaction is affected by, among other things, hallucinogenic drugs?
Hallucinogenic drugs directly affect the serotonin receptors(specifically the serotonin receptor subtype, 5-HT2), which is what eventually results in a complex pattern of action potentials and activity.
44. The term “Biological motion” describes…..
The unique visual phenomenon of a moving, animate object.
Often, the stimuli used in biological motion experiments are just a few moving dots that reflect the motion of some key joints of the moving organism.
4. Excitation refers to…….
The cone spectral sensitivities at retinal level are called cone excitations.
5. Sensation refers to…….
The process by which a stimulated receptor (such as the eyes or ears) creates a pattern of neural messages that represent the stimulus in the brain, giving rise to our initial experience of the stimulus. An important idea to remember is that sensation involves converting stimulation (such as a pinprick, a sound, or a flash of light) into a form the brain can understand (neural signals)—much as a cell phone converts an electronic signal into sound waves you can hear.
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Oh by the way, has anyone attempted the Learning and Cognition Practice Exam Questions 2012 yet? It has 51 Questions with solutions so all we have to do is circle the correct answer.
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Thanks for contributing tun44!
i have not began the learning and cognition yet, but i think they'll be alright :)
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here are a few that i have done not sure on weather they are right but just what i have taken from the notes
Question 1: Which of the following best describes the platonic view of vision and the world?
- view of Plato, which I interpret as there being a 'real world' but our mortal senses are only capable of sampling a small subsection of that world - the ‘shadows on a cave wall’ analogy
Question 2: which of the following is the alternate view which is illustrated in the writing of Friedrich Nietzsche
- View as Construction
- “The ‘apparent world’ and the ‘true world’ means - ‘the world’ and, ‘nothing’.” Friedrich Nietzsche
Question 3: The world we visually sense is entirely dependent on
The presence and pattern of light reflected off objects
Question 4: Excitation refers to:
An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus, the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons.
Question 5: Sensation refers to...
An impression, or the consciousness of an impression, made upon the central nervous organ, through the medium of a sensory or afferent nerve or one of the organs of sense; a feeling, or state of consciousness, whether agreeable or disagreeable, produced either by an external object (stimulus), or by some change in the internal state of the body.
Question 6: At what stage in the visual pathway is an action potential first generated?
In the ganglion cells of the retina
Question 7: What do L, M and S denote when applied to cones?
Long, Medium and Short Wavelengths
Question 22: Taken as a population, primary visual cortical (v1) neurons have what critical property
- Represent everything that you are able to see as all visual input to the cortex enters at this point, it still represents the data information in a fairly general way; the output of individual neurones at this level is not yet very specialised.
- Information is separated from here into the later visual corticals which are more specialised
Question 26: The visual system appears to dissociate motion-signals elicited by eye movements or from retinal movement by:
- The visual cortex distinguishes between the action motion and the movement of the eye as the cells that signal the movement are incorporated into the signal detection
- Retinal motion is initially detected by an ensemble of motion detectors
- This is distinct from motion elicited by eye movements and the system has to deal with and account for both
Question 28: Place theory in hearing refers to...
- The physical location of stimulation on the basilar membrane signals the frequency of stimulation but in the form of a travelling wave
- Membrane properties altered physically by outer hair cells
- The frequency to space mapping on the basilar membrane provides the initial means
of frequency coding (place theory)
Question 30: “Adaptation” refers to...
- (ophthalmology)
o The ability of the eye to adjust to various light intensities by regulating the pupil of the quantity of light entering the eye.
- (neurology)
o The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, to changed, constantly applied environmental conditions
Feel free to correct any answers if they are wrong :D
Really need help on 39,48,8, 10 and 12 :)
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Guys, in regards to the excitation and sensation questions, Simon keeps saying to refer to the Helmholtz and Hering theory- something so do with psychological VS physical theory of contrast
@Kitkat- For qs 48: Subjective, different from others-unique & qs 12: Centre-surround receptive fields which are 2D!
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Answers to Q8 may be found here: http://www.icr.org/article/2476/
goes over physiological arguments as to why the photoreceptors should be located beyond the retina and not before it.
;D thanks for some of the answers/ reassurance, as many of these are subjective or were not explained
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here are a few that i have done not sure on weather they are right but just what i have taken from the notes
Question 1: Which of the following best describes the platonic view of vision and the world?
- view of Plato, which I interpret as there being a 'real world' but our mortal senses are only capable of sampling a small subsection of that world - the ‘shadows on a cave wall’ analogy
Question 2: which of the following is the alternate view which is illustrated in the writing of Friedrich Nietzsche
- View as Construction
- “The ‘apparent world’ and the ‘true world’ means - ‘the world’ and, ‘nothing’.” Friedrich Nietzsche
Question 3: The world we visually sense is entirely dependent on
The presence and pattern of light reflected off objects
Question 4: Excitation refers to:
An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus, the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons.
Question 5: Sensation refers to...
An impression, or the consciousness of an impression, made upon the central nervous organ, through the medium of a sensory or afferent nerve or one of the organs of sense; a feeling, or state of consciousness, whether agreeable or disagreeable, produced either by an external object (stimulus), or by some change in the internal state of the body.
Question 6: At what stage in the visual pathway is an action potential first generated?
In the ganglion cells of the retina
Question 7: What do L, M and S denote when applied to cones?
Long, Medium and Short Wavelengths
Question 22: Taken as a population, primary visual cortical (v1) neurons have what critical property
- Represent everything that you are able to see as all visual input to the cortex enters at this point, it still represents the data information in a fairly general way; the output of individual neurones at this level is not yet very specialised.
- Information is separated from here into the later visual corticals which are more specialised
Question 26: The visual system appears to dissociate motion-signals elicited by eye movements or from retinal movement by:
- The visual cortex distinguishes between the action motion and the movement of the eye as the cells that signal the movement are incorporated into the signal detection
- Retinal motion is initially detected by an ensemble of motion detectors
- This is distinct from motion elicited by eye movements and the system has to deal with and account for both
Question 28: Place theory in hearing refers to...
- The physical location of stimulation on the basilar membrane signals the frequency of stimulation but in the form of a travelling wave
- Membrane properties altered physically by outer hair cells
- The frequency to space mapping on the basilar membrane provides the initial means
of frequency coding (place theory)
Question 30: “Adaptation” refers to...
- (ophthalmology)
o The ability of the eye to adjust to various light intensities by regulating the pupil of the quantity of light entering the eye.
- (neurology)
o The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, to changed, constantly applied environmental conditions
Feel free to correct any answers if they are wrong :D
Really need help on 39,48,8, 10 and 12 :)
You mentioned about question 48? Well...Our experience of reality is subjective and is a produce of our sense. It's the transduction of energy that converts into forms where we can use internally and make sense of it. Reality is not a reflection of the world - but is a constructive process.
Here are some notes to the questions on the sample paper with references to the lectures
1. Which of the following best describes the Platonic view of vision and the world?
Lecture 13/Commentary 1: Plato claims that there is a ‘real’ world, but our moral senses are only capable of sampling a small subsection of that world
2. Which of the following is the alternative view which is illustrated in the writing of Friedrich Nietzsche?
Lecture 13/Commentary 1: There is no ‘real world,’ only the world in our heads. He claims that each individual’s brain creates the world that we perceive from our input, therefore there is vast variation of interpretations within individuals.. We construct our own reality
3. The world that we visually sense is entirely dependent upon…
Lecture 14/15: The retina is the only contact we have to the external world. At the retina, it works out the colour and brightness of an image, and then adds in form, structure, motion and depth. Using the information given from the retina and a light source, the photoreceptors reconstructs this. As it is a constructive process – everyone interprets thins in different ways. It absorbs photons.
14. The term “Opponency” refers to…
Lecture 15: Human visual system interprets information about colour by processing signals from cones and rods. L for long, M for medium and S for shot, and some wavelengths of light overlap so it’s more efficient for the visual system to record differences between the responses of cone, so it is more efficient for the visual system to record differences between the responses of cones, rather than each type of cones responses. Colour is catergorised as red, yellow, blue or green.
15. Why, when considering the processing of the neural signal, is the actual physical location of any visual neuron other than the photoreceptors, arbitrary?
Commentary 2: The actual physical located of visual neuron doesn’t matter, because all receptive fields in the visual system have some relationship to the same x, y, t space that constitutes the axes of the visual input, but they sit in various places within visual pathway – mostly at the back of the head.
Photoreceptors are our only link to the visual world. Once the photoreceptors have encoded the relevant information, it doesn’t make any difference where that information is processed.
17. What is meant by the term “retinotopic mapping”?
Lecture 19: 2 neuron that receive input from adjacent group of photoreceptors will be adjacent in cortex – xy map of retina early in visual system is maintained throughout. V1, there are columns that contain every neuron you will need for that bit of the world. One specialized in colour, motion, form.
20. The idea of modularity in visual processing refers to…
Lecture 19: More efficient to analyse input in modules in parallel than it is to do it serially. Form, motion, colour and depth are processed separately to some degree. Each area is retiontopically organised – each has a full spatial map of visual field.
21. What reason may you have for questioning the assumption that the LGN is just a relay station for signals traveling from the retina to the cortex?
Lecture 19: There are more connections carrying signals from the cortex back to the LGN than from the LGN to the cortex
22. Taken as a population, primary visual cortical (v1) neurons have what critical property?
Lecture 19: Represents every aspect of the image that we can see, but in a sparse fashion (not very specialized). Receptive fields are selective rudimentary properties of colour, motion, depth and form. From here, information is transmitted to visual corticals that are more specialized.
24. What is red?
Lecture 14: We have a very unique sensation for this very simple visual stimulus. It is uniquely definable in terms of wavelength of photon and something that is impossible to describe what the sensation is – therefore we have created terms to describe it.
28. “Place theory” in hearing refers to…
Lecture 22: The frequency to space mapping on the basilar membrane provides the initial means of frequency coding.
29. “Frequency theory” in hearing refers to…
Lecture 22: The physical location of stimulation on the basilar membrane signals the frequency of stimulation but in the form of a travelling wave – membrane properties altered physically by outer hair cells.
40. The theoretical hierarchy established by David Marr is…
Lecture 19: An informational processing system where there are 3 ways to approach a problem. Define the problem clearly than look for solution, then look for implementation. Do not limit yourself when you might not know everything about the problem.
41. “Retino-cortical expansion” refers to…
Lecture 19: There are more cortical neurons dedicated to figure what’s going on in the visual field.
42. The two most likely kinds of motion detector in the human visual system are called…
Lecture 17: (1) Came from fly and betel psychophysics – capture a fly, stick it on a device and responds by thinking where motion is. (2) Spatiotemporal gradient. Either us humans have the same visual system as flies, or we have both that and spatiotemporal gradient.
47. What critical neural interaction is affected by, among other things, hallucinogenic drugs?
Lecture 21: Hallucinogenic drugs increases the amount of serotonin in the body, which increases cortical activity to reduce the inhibition os signals (therefore a lot of information is entering perception)
And still working my way through these other questions Q8, 10, 12, 19, 22, 25, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 43, 45, 50...
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thanks daphaneng!
hopefully us working together would mean each of us could get extra time to study on other subjects :)
I'm still working on the 40-50 questions they were a bit vague, hopefully i can get them up soon :D
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q50 one fish two fish...
red fish blue fish!
(lecture 3)
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^ well done! :)
if anyone has any of the following questions 8, 10, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 36-39, 43-46, can they please post them up.
I mean this thread has had like 1350+ views, i'm pretty sure someone has at least one of the above answers and if we have all shared our answers with the rest of you guys, you should do the same instead of just feeding off the thread... :(
thanks to those who are active contributers!! :)
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I've got these:
8. What reason may you have for expecting the photoreceptors to be physically anchored on the retina despite the observation that this means that there is neural matter between the light source and the photoreceptor?
The presence of a blind spot in the retina due to converging neural material in front of the retina. An inverted retina also allows photoreceptors to receive blood and nutrients from the retinal pigment epithelium which absorbs most of the light not captured by the retina. This inverted retina design also prevents light from being reflected off the back of the eye onto the retina which would degrade the visual image.
10. Orthogonality in the vector representation of signal-coding confers which of the following properties upon that stage of the system?
Orthogonality: a property that allows overlapping stimulus coding eg location and quality. (I think this question needs some context, maybe Simon will ask us to identify orthogonality in the choice?)
25. An attentionally-controlled motion system may allow isolation of a particular aspect of motion. A good example would be how turning our heads, under normal circumstance, doesn't make us dizzy but we are still able to distinguish objects in our field of vision.
26.The visual system appears to dissociate motion-signals elicited by eye-movements or from retinal motion (initially detected by an emsemble of motion detectors) by inflow (relies on feedback from eye movement to account for the effect on retinal motion) and outflow (uses same signal that commands the eye movement and is therefore quicker and possibly more accurate) hypothesis.
33. A form of parallel processing in the auditory system is implemented in the cochlear nucleus by the divergence of auditory signals received.
34. Information is the perception that our sensory organs create of the outside world ie what we see is translated into information for the brain to process so that we see what we see.
36. One critical similarity between the visual and auditory systems is that they both have the ability to perceive the speed and direction of a moving object such as a car on the streets. Both systems may also interact to coordinate and direct attention to one modality or the other and to control subsequent action. Both systems receive information from the outside world and processes them to allow the formation of our sensation and perception. In both systems, motion processing is not confined to a single 'dorsal' pathway.
37. One critical difference between visual and auditory systems is while the visual system has a set receptive field within the photoreceptors, the auditory system's receptive field is not confined to particular regions of the sensory epithelium such as hair cells in the cochlea.
38.Which two structures or processes exploit the properties of orthogonality in their operation?
Semicircular canal (responsible for spatial recognition ie moving one's head etc); motion detection. (One structure in the ear, one process in the visual system, mutually independent)
39. What aspect of the relationship between the stimulus and the cortical representation is different between vision and audition?
It has yet to be found that audition has a functionally equivalent of area MT as per the visual system. In particular, the functional characteristics that uniquely identify area MT such as a large receptive field and responsiveness to complex second- and third-order motion may not have a equivalent functional equivalent in the auditory modality. (not entirely sure but i did some research and came up with this)
43. The three critical dimensions of vision are x, y, t (the third dimension is reconstructed from a variety of cues but is never explicitly coded in the input eg. Scene outside the window looks different from varying angles); computational, algorithmic and implementational according to David Marr.
44. The term “Biological motion” describes the unique visual phenomenon of a moving, animate object. Often, the stimuli used in biological motion experiments are just a few moving dots that reflect the motion of some key joints of the moving organism. Eg moving dots can form the silhouette of a walking man; a moving animate body is perceived from the movements of a few isolated dots
46. The visual system is sensitive to light, colour, what we see outside.
that leaves 27 and 45. come on guys!
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Thanks heaps xyling and everyone else who has continued to add to this forum :)
I have work now, i'll look at 45 and 27 later, if i find the answer i'll post them tomorrow because i won't be back till later at night :(
anyways Goodluck with exams everyone! :)
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Q45: Interaction between V1 orientation-selective receptive fields follows what ʻlawsʼ?
A simple cell is excited by a bar that follows the orientation of ON
Inhibited by a bar that follows the orientation of OFF. And no change if the bar is oriented across both ON and OFF regions.
I'm not so sure.. But hope it helps.
You guys have done amazing jobs. It really helps my revision.
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for question 27 i found some links that may be somewhat helpful but i can't find the exact answer :(
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Ts63QQStgwEJ:119.93.223.179/ScienceDirect/Current%2520Biology/10-01/sdarticle_006.pdf+how+is+spatial+structure+of+natural+textures+processed+by+our+visual+system&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnSd3vwCOi6OcoGt-hVTb-44KQEVtbFaskMv3Sa-uW6HO--FbkVsdOPTzwFpKvMlYsFSxJlA_4YofwlPWYuWkG5vUdKGkJNOM9xHDjxKq9eVl-eJrcvz50HSXzqurlKnydSa4E&sig=AHIEtbRX-_tEmxwSkUZDqo-H2CsGOpzNRA
http://www.pnas.org/content/107/42/18149.full
I think if we read the above articles it will help us answer the question, better yet it won't be on the exam! :)
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My answer to 45 was: Aligned V1 receptive cells positively interact; orthogonal (perpendicular) V1 cells negatively interact – L8
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Wow guys just wanna shout out a great big thanks for giving me heaps to consider with my revision process! :)
Q. 42
Type 1- Correlation or Reichardt or Hassenstein-Reichardt or Elaborate Reichardt detectors, and:
Type 2- Gradient-Type motion detectors
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Hey guys, anyone have solutions to the 103 Cognitive Q's? We could just post the answers in terms of A,B,C, or D lol
I have done about 25 so far.
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i;ve done all of them, i'm busy right now (have chem tommorow) i'll post the solutions up tommorow if you want...hope it won't be too late
i think the cognitive questions are the same ones as exam, that;s why no solutions were provided
I hate the neuroscience part! so much too remember it hurts my brain :(
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i found the answer to q27, it's in lecture 8 at atround 37 minutes. but i dont really get it lol :-\
heres what i got but someone should double check it
27. The spatial structure of natural textures is consistent with the properties of the system because……
it has tiny receptive fields sensitive to tiny fragments of texture and uses the same component input but interaction between them is different;
one indicates texture/random surface, other indicates smooth lines on the surface.
the difference with the texture receptor fields is that it doesn't have coherence and there isn’t the smooth continuous line in the larger receptive field thats sensitive to lines (ink in the case of the tattoo)
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so i open my unimelb gmail to find a message from simon it said:
The exam is cancelled, I got so excited thinking this is too good to be true...only it was too good to be true :(
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Thanks anonymous 1, i would appreciate the effort regardless of how late you manage to post the answers :)
Also i was told by someone that all the options for the answers will be 1 or 2 line sentences. So we dont need to memorise paragraphs for each question lol
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Also i was told by someone that all the options for the answers will be 1 or 2 line sentences. So we dont need to memorise paragraphs for each question lol
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is this for simons section?
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its for all sections i believe.
Btw how certain are you that you have the correct answers anonymous 1? lol Just wondering, as im not completely certain my solutions are correct.
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haha, umm i did it open book most of them should be okay ;)
no guarantees!
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Learning & Cognition
82-103
A,D,B,A,C,A,C,B,D,B,D,C,C,D,A,D,A,B,B,D,C,D
Like anonymous1 said, I make no guarantees this is 100% correct.
Good luck guys.
Behavioural neuroscience section is a bitch to study :'(
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Just found this, is there any questions from Simon's section you don't yet have or have you got them all? happy studying, good luck everyone!!
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Behavioural neuroscience section is a bitch to study :'(
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I couldn't agree more!
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LOL it looks like this thread has attracted the whole mbb1 cohort!!
so many guests and new users haha :P
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whoaaa some of the questions are so philosophical and artsy...!
Looks fun but kinda daunting at the same time
LOL it looks like this thread has attracted the whole mbb1 cohort!!
so many guests and new users haha :P
19 Guests are viewing this topic :D
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Why did I put myself through this. I've been studying commerce all my life and I'm struggling now, big time. Jason's part is such a bitch! Simon's too. OMG.