The value you got out for R2 is correct.
There's nothing wrong with the voltage divider method, but you do have to be thorough with your algebra (opens up areas for simple mistakes). Also, it can be a somewhat lengthy process (you do end up getting pretty quick at it though).
I think the other method your teacher is talking about is to use ratios. Someone else will be able to explain this
a lot better, I can't remember how to do it, but it was pretty much the same thing, except you do more of it in your head.
It was something like,

, therefore ratio of the resistances is equal to the ratios of the voltage divided between them. So in that first row, you have 20V, two resistors. So in this case, you have

of the input voltage divided between them, so 10 volts to each.

- so the resistances of the two are the same. Therefore resistor 2 is 1000 ohms.
You can check this method with one of the other rows. In row 2, you have a Vout/Vin ratio of

. So 1 resistor gets 1/4 of the voltage, while the other gets 3/4 of the voltage. So

. So R1 can be either

. You can check which one would be correct by subbing into the the voltage divider equation and seeing which one gives you 1/4 (3000 in this case).
I don't remember having to do that much work for the ratio method though... what I just explained was just the voltage divider equation, but phrased differently. Yeah, I don't know what I'm going on about, I'll stop rambling now. Someone else should probably explain it.