• experimental research: construction of research hypotheses; identification of operational independent
and dependent variables; identification of extraneous and potential confounding variables including
individual participant differences, order effects, experimenter effect, placebo effects; ways of
minimising confounding and extraneous variables including type of experiment, counterbalancing,
single and double blind procedures, placebos; evaluation of different types of experimental
research designs including independent-groups, matched-participants, repeated-measures; reporting
conventions
• sampling procedures in selection and allocation of participants: random sampling; stratified
sampling; random-stratified sampling; random allocation of participants to groups; control and
experimental groups
• techniques of qualitative and quantitative data collection: case studies; observational studies; selfreports;
questionnaires; interviews; brain imaging and recording technologies
• statistics: measures of central tendency including mean, median and mode; interpretation of
p-values and conclusions; reliability including internal consistency; validity including construct
and external; evaluation of research in terms of generalising the findings to the population
• ethical principles and professional conduct: the role of the experimenter; protection and security of
participants’ rights; confidentiality; voluntary participation; withdrawal rights; informed consent
procedures; use of deception in research; debriefing; use of animals in research; role of ethics
committees.
^ that's off the study design for research methods