First, comments on notes layout:
> what are they doing with three spaces between sentences/paras!?
> I assume you've got clear bolded/coloured/big headings in whatever you copied it from, they're ESSENTIAL in notes
> could be more concise all through so you're not wading through unnecessary words:
e.g. The process of mitosis is divided into several stages. The main stages are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
--> the stages of mitosis are: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.Sorry, quite messy..
dw, I didn't mean to pull them apart; they really are great notes, and I promise I had noooooo clue about mitosis until year 12! You're way ahead, this is brilliant! (and you realise you're going to be so bored, or into 2nd year uni med books, by year 12 right??)The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells.
In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis.
Interphase
The cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. G1, synthesis and G2 are all parts of interphase.
Mitotic Phase
The cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. NOT QUITE SURE IF THIS IS RIGHT ANYMORE (isn’t that in cytokinesis, which is mitosis but maybe part of the M phase??) Chromosomes in the cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each with its own nucleus.
Yeah, mitosis is division of the NUCLEUS, cytokinesis (which is NOT part of mitosis) is division of the CYTOPLASM, in other words, division of the whole cell. They're distinct, mitosis is nothing to do with cell division. Telophase and cytokinesis occur at the same time. Cytokinesis
The physical process of cell division in which the cytoplasm of a parental cell splits and forms two daughter cells.
To ensure proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.
The Phases of the Cell Cycle
Gap 1 (G1)
Cells increase in size in Gap 1. The G1 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis.
Synthesis (S)
DNA replication occurs during this phase, and hence two identical sister chromatids are present for each chromosome, held together by a centromere.
Gap 2 (G2)
During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow and new organelles are produced for the two separate cells after mitosis. The G2 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M (mitosis) phase and divide.
Mitosis (M)
Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells or two daughter nuclei? . A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis (the Metaphase Checkpoint) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division.
More on Mitosis sorry, can't stand too much unnecessary info in notes Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle process by which chromosomes in a cell’s nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus.
The process of mitosis is divided into several stages. The main stages are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells.
Errors can occur during mitosis. One such error is multipolar mitosis, in which the wrong amounts of daughter cells are produced. Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.
The Phases of Mitosis
Prophase
The cell prepares to divide by tightly condensing its chromosomes and initiating mitotic spindle formation.
a.k.a.
The complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus, known as chromatin, condenses.
so here, you should condense your two sentences into one; this is the art of note-making, combining information from multiple sources into one smooth, organised source that doesn't repeat itself ever. You'll have to rearrange one of the sentences to fit important bits of info from the other. As you gradually develop your notes and add more sources, rigorously combine anything that's similar or says the same thing in different words or places in your document. Metaphase
The cell’s chromosomes align themselves in the middle (or ‘equator’) of the cell
through a type of cellular “tug of war”. that's anaphase There is a checkpoint between metaphase and anaphase, to ensure that the mitotic spindle has successfully attached to the centromeres of each chromosome, so that sister chromatids can be pulled apart during anaphase.
Unsure about the above (metaphase checkpoint)
dw, I didn't even know it existed - it's not important Anaphase
Chromosomes split (into sister chromatids) and the sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell.
this is the 'tug of war' - spindle fibres are like the ropes, and the centrioles the 'teams', who are tugging them apart Telophase
[]poiuhjg/,.The sister chromatids reach opposite poles and the small nuclear vesicles in the cell begin to reform around the group of chromosomes at each end.
Cell Cycle Control
Regulation of the cell cycle involves processes crucial to the survival of a cell, including the detection and repair of genetic damage as well as the prevention of uncontrolled cell division. The molecular events that control the cell cycle are ordered and directional; that is, each process occurs in a sequential fashion and it is impossible to "reverse" the cycle.
Do you totally get what this is saying? Note-taking lesson #2: never ever ever ever ever ever copy and paste - always put everything in your own words, and if you don't get something either research or delete.Checkpoints
note-taking tip #3: don't have something of a similar type scattered through your notes. So if you gather every reference to checkpoints and errors throughout your notes, group them under ONE heading in ONE place, to reduce superfluous info and make it more organised and easy to learn! Cell cycle checkpoints are used by the cell to monitor and regulate the progress of the cell cycle. Checkpoints prevent cell cycle progression at specific points, allowing verification of necessary phase processes and repair of DNA damage. The cell cannot proceed to the next phase until checkpoint requirements have been met.
There are several checkpoints to ensure that damaged or incomplete DNA is not passed on to daughter cells. Three main checkpoints exist: the G1/S checkpoint, the G2/M checkpoint and the metaphase (mitotic) checkpoint.