HSC Biology Question Thread

[:3]

ADH and adolsterone. Please, I need this to be explained in a more alleviated form!

Basically, both hormones are involved in osmoregulation (salt/water levels):
- ADH (Anti-diuretic hormones): decrease in water levels detected --> this is secreted into the bloodstream --> upon contact with the kidney, it increases the permeability of the membrane to water --> more water conserved
- Adolsterone: decrease in sodium levels detected --> this is secreted into the bloodstream --> upon contact with the kidney, it increases the permeability of the membrane, particularly at the ascending loop of Henle, to sodium --> sodium retained.

[lha]

What diseases are caused by lack of adh or aldosterone?

[vox nihili]

What diseases are caused by lack of adh or aldosterone?

Aldosterone: Conn syndrome or death. If you have a complete absence of aldosterone, you'll die within days

[lha]

Aldosterone: Conn syndrome or death. If you have a complete absence of aldosterone, you'll die within days

I think lack of aldosterone can also lead to Addison's disease

[lha]

Have there been any productions in artifical blood in australia?

[Skidous]

Have there been any productions in artifical blood in australia?

Not entirely sure but I know that you don't need an Australian example, just an example of artificial blood and what it does, why it's important and what it doesn't do that real blood does

[lha]

Not entirely sure but I know that you don't need an Australian example, just an example of artificial blood and what it does, why it's important and what it doesn't do that real blood does

Could you please give me an example?

[Skidous]

Could you please give me an example?

Abstract
This report will examine the production of artificial blood. Including its advantages/ disadvantages, clinical trials of a chosen blood substitute as well as the reasoning as to why the blood substitute could potentially be an effective substitute and why blood substitutes are needed in the first place. 
Introduction
Artificial blood is the name given to a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood, although it cannot carry out all functions of blood, for example it cannot, help clotting, immune defence or coagulation. Although it can carry carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Blood substitutes are designed to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. An ideal blood substitute should lack antigenicity and eliminate, or at least substantially reduce, the ability to transmit infections. In addition, it should be readily available, should have a long half-life, and should be capable of being stored at room temperature. The biologic properties of an ideal blood substitute should include a reasonable amount of oxygen delivery, when compared to normal human red blood cells.
Example of Blood Substitutes
An example of blood substitutes is maleimide-polyethylene glycol hemoglobin (MP4). MP4 is currently under development in the UK and is a blood substitute made of Haemoglobin obtained from out-of-date human blood and modified using maleimide-polyethylene glycol in order to make the molecule bulkier as well as altering shape of the molecule. By doing this MP4 has a great oxygen affinity which is essential for a blood substitute. MP4 being a blood substitute does not, however, provide many other functionings of blood such as the clotting and immune defence.
Clinical Trials
MP4 has undergone many clinical trials on pigs and some humans in order to test its effectiveness of transporting oxygen as well as its ability to assist in the recovery of hemorrhaging without causing vasoconstriction. These trials have shown successful results in the ability of MP4, however more research is needed in order to prove whether or not it is ready to be used on humans as an effective blood substitute.
Why is it needed?
Blood substitutes such as MP4 are needed due to the fact that there are many obstacles that need to be overcome that are associated with blood donation. Donors of blood are required in order for a supply of blood to be given to those who need it. There is a deficit of people willing to donate their blood and thus a substitute is needed due to the fact that more blood is needed in hospitals to treat patients as a result of blood having a relatively short shelf life and there not being as many donors to replace all the unused blood donations. The development of MP4 allows for the blood to be in ready supply to treat patients such as providing blood to those who are extremely anaemic with blood transfusions. With the development of and eventual use of MP4, there would not be an issue with the amount of blood received from blood donations as it can be synthetically produced in labs to provide treatment to those who need it as well as MP4 having a relatively long shelf life so that it can be ready to use even after an extended period of time.
Blood received from donors goes through a screening process in order to ensure that there are not antigens and other possible diseases that are present within the blood. There is a risk that some of the blood may contain blood-borne pathogens such as HIV, AIDS and Hepatitis-C when donated. As a result of this, the development of MP4 is essential for society in order to reduce the risk of pathogens such as HIV from being unintentionally passed on due to screening of donor blood missing pathogens within them and thus providing safe blood transfusion and blood usage during surgery for patients.
Conclusion
Artificial Blood is better known as Blood substitutes as they only perform some of the functions of blood such as the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The development of the blood substitute MP4 has shown promising potential due to its high affinity for oxygen shown through clinical trials. This development is beneficial for society as it allows for potential use for the blood substitute as a means of providing doctors and patients with a ready to supply source of blood for surgeries and transfusion without running the risk of possible blood-borne pathogens being present within the sample.

My class got given a research project for this as an activity

[lha]

Abstract
This report will examine the production of artificial blood. Including its advantages/ disadvantages, clinical trials of a chosen blood substitute as well as the reasoning as to why the blood substitute could potentially be an effective substitute and why blood substitutes are needed in the first place. 
Introduction
Artificial blood is the name given to a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood, although it cannot carry out all functions of blood, for example it cannot, help clotting, immune defence or coagulation. Although it can carry carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Blood substitutes are designed to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. An ideal blood substitute should lack antigenicity and eliminate, or at least substantially reduce, the ability to transmit infections. In addition, it should be readily available, should have a long half-life, and should be capable of being stored at room temperature. The biologic properties of an ideal blood substitute should include a reasonable amount of oxygen delivery, when compared to normal human red blood cells.
Example of Blood Substitutes
An example of blood substitutes is maleimide-polyethylene glycol hemoglobin (MP4). MP4 is currently under development in the UK and is a blood substitute made of Haemoglobin obtained from out-of-date human blood and modified using maleimide-polyethylene glycol in order to make the molecule bulkier as well as altering shape of the molecule. By doing this MP4 has a great oxygen affinity which is essential for a blood substitute. MP4 being a blood substitute does not, however, provide many other functionings of blood such as the clotting and immune defence.
Clinical Trials
MP4 has undergone many clinical trials on pigs and some humans in order to test its effectiveness of transporting oxygen as well as its ability to assist in the recovery of hemorrhaging without causing vasoconstriction. These trials have shown successful results in the ability of MP4, however more research is needed in order to prove whether or not it is ready to be used on humans as an effective blood substitute.
Why is it needed?
Blood substitutes such as MP4 are needed due to the fact that there are many obstacles that need to be overcome that are associated with blood donation. Donors of blood are required in order for a supply of blood to be given to those who need it. There is a deficit of people willing to donate their blood and thus a substitute is needed due to the fact that more blood is needed in hospitals to treat patients as a result of blood having a relatively short shelf life and there not being as many donors to replace all the unused blood donations. The development of MP4 allows for the blood to be in ready supply to treat patients such as providing blood to those who are extremely anaemic with blood transfusions. With the development of and eventual use of MP4, there would not be an issue with the amount of blood received from blood donations as it can be synthetically produced in labs to provide treatment to those who need it as well as MP4 having a relatively long shelf life so that it can be ready to use even after an extended period of time.
Blood received from donors goes through a screening process in order to ensure that there are not antigens and other possible diseases that are present within the blood. There is a risk that some of the blood may contain blood-borne pathogens such as HIV, AIDS and Hepatitis-C when donated. As a result of this, the development of MP4 is essential for society in order to reduce the risk of pathogens such as HIV from being unintentionally passed on due to screening of donor blood missing pathogens within them and thus providing safe blood transfusion and blood usage during surgery for patients.
Conclusion
Artificial Blood is better known as Blood substitutes as they only perform some of the functions of blood such as the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The development of the blood substitute MP4 has shown promising potential due to its high affinity for oxygen shown through clinical trials. This development is beneficial for society as it allows for potential use for the blood substitute as a means of providing doctors and patients with a ready to supply source of blood for surgeries and transfusion without running the risk of possible blood-borne pathogens being present within the sample.

My class got given a research project for this as an activity

THANK YOU

[vox nihili]

I think lack of aldosterone can also lead to Addison's disease

Other way round. Addison's disease is a problem with the adrenal glands, that usually leads to low aldosterone (but more prominently, leads to low cortisol).

[lha]

Other way round. Addison's disease is a problem with the adrenal glands, that usually leads to low aldosterone (but more prominently, leads to low cortisol).

Ohh so addisons disease causes lack of aldosterone...got it, thanks!

[lha]

What is the control used in the pasteur swanneck flask experiment?

[kevin217]

What is the control used in the pasteur swanneck flask experiment?

I believe it would be the flask that is open to the air and microbes.

[:3]

What is the control used in the pasteur swanneck flask experiment?

The control is essentially one where the broth is exposed to air (i.e. no swan flask neck; using a straight flask neck).

[Daliaradosevic]

Hey guys so i'm that confused with the difference b/w meiosis and mitosis, could someone please explain it?