i still can't pinpoint the contention of some of these articles
Here's an easy formula for finding the contention of any article. I'll use this one as an example.
How to find contentions - a 5 step process
1. What is the issue?Even if you're not entirely sure what the author is arguing for/against, you'll be able to tell what they're talking about.
For example, the article above is obviously about the issue of
live animal exports. HOWEVER, we don't want to oversimplify the issue, because that will make the process of finding the contention much harder. Instead, we need to
be as specific as possible about what the issue is. I like to do this by starting the phrase with "whether..." For example:
whether Australia should stop live animal exports.
That gives us a nice,
specific issue to take into step 2.
2. Does the author think the issue is GOOD or BAD?Again, even if you can't come up with a really impressive statement about the contention straight away, you'll know whether the author is broadly in favour or against the core issue.
In this case, the author is
against the idea of stopping live animal exports, thus he views the issue as a BAD thing.
3. In what way is the issue good/bad according to the author?This is where we need to get more descriptive with our vocabulary (because if you literally wrote 'the author thinks the issue is a bad thing' for your SAC/exam, they would tear you and your essay to pieces).
There are SO MANY different ways something can be 'good' or 'bad', and as always, we're trying to be
as specific as possible. If nothing comes to mind right away, consulting a thesaurus can be useful here:
In this case, the author seems to be suggesting that the issue (i.e. Aus. stopping live animal exports) would be
foolish, counterintuitive, and
harmful.
4. Why is this good/bad, according to the author?Now we need to start delving into the reasons for the author's stance. In this case, he is suggesting that stopping the exports is
bad/counterintuitive because it would harm Australia, the overseas market, and the welfare standards of the livestock. In simpler terms: it is bad because it is disadvantageous for everyone involved. This leads us to the final step...
5. What does the author want to happen? What is their 'best case scenario' outcome?Here, we need to think about the author's goal - what would be a better proposal or idea? Sometimes this is explicitly told to us (e.g. at the end of the article, he writes "livestock exports can be part of the food solution") but other times it will be more implicit (e.g. this article suggests that stopping live exports would be a bad idea, and that therefore live exports should continue).
To turn this into a sentence you can use in your essay, use the following formula:The author contends that (1.) is (3.) because (4.), and so (5.)
For example:
The author contends that
Australia ceasing its live animal exports is
a counterintuitive idea because
doing so would be harmful for Australia, other nations, and the welfare of livestock, and so
Australia should instead support the export industry so that it can be part of the "food solution."This gives you a nice, sophisticated summary of the contention, and that formula should work for virtually any persuasive piece. Remember to vary the wording as needed, and if you get really confident with this, you don't have to stick to the formula at all. But these elements are more or less what the assessors will be looking for, so if you can give that to them in a clear and concise sentence like the one above, they will be in a great mood reading the rest of your essay!
Also, one more quick thing:
... would you say that the contention in this article is:
"support live exports", "Australia is the only country that actively works in overseas markets to help improve animal welfare conditions" or "If Australia was to stop exporting livestock, global animal welfare standards will unquestionably decline".
...or something else.
When identifying the author's contention,
avoid using quotes!!! Some teachers are okay with this (and I've used a small one in the sample sentence above ("food solution")) but in general,
you will be at a disadvantage in the exam if you are looking for phrases in the article that summarise the contention for you!Instead, try and rely on your own ability to paraphrase, or use a formula like the one I've outlined here. It might be tougher at first, but it will make it much easier for you if you get some tricky material.