After you get the two time equations, I don't understand why finding the maximum of the difference of them gets the answer
It is like stated. The difference of the times reflects the time elapsed
since 8AM for when Claire gets out of the house.
If we want Claire to leave her house later, then we really want the time elapsed to be larger. Hence, since the difference of the times helps us measure exactly that, we would like to maximise it.
The reason why the time difference reflects the time elapsed since 8AM for Claire
to leave the house, is because by itself \( \frac{5}{18} (8+\tan \theta) \) is just the time (elspsed since 8AM where) Claire must've
arrived at the bus depot. The extra \( \frac{25}{24}\sec \theta\) reflects that she actually takes time herself to get to the bus depot itself, and doesn't just magically teleport there or something.