So Jamon, (or any other legal moderator), I've constructed my first 2 paragraphs (topics) to follow the introduction I posted above, and I'm not sure if I've 'earnt' a response or marking from you guys, but a mere skim would be great help! I'm trying to address the question in a way that answers it with plenty of evidence, as it is primarily about Australia's responses to world order issues, but I don't want it to read like I'm just 'listing examples' or just recounting history. Anyways, I would love some thoughts on how it sounds/wording/content? I'm also, at this point, going to end up over the essay's word limit, so some ideas on what I could omit from the essay or nominalise on would be great
Thanks
Upon the illegal Indonesian invasion of East-Timor in 1975, countless mass atrocity crimes and violence ensued throughout a 25 year occupation of the small nation-state, invoking regional humanitarian concern and neighbouring instability for Australia. Whilst Australia’s initial response was one of ‘non-intervention’, a United Nations Mission in East Timor (UMAMET) task-force of primarily Australian police intervened to administrate a legal referendum for East-Timorese independence, sanctified by the Security Council Resolution 1246 'Ballot to Decide on Special Autonomy for East Timor'. However in response to the national support for independence, on the third of September 1999, pro-Indonesian militias pursued a rampage of violence, rape, infrastructural damage and murder to the dismay of international reporters and state authorities. Australia responded immediately, leading a United Nations peacekeeping force known as the International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) into East Timor, reestablishing law and order within only weeks; the response was hailed an outstanding success for the United Nations, acknowledging Australia's integral role. Although, with over one third of the East Timorese population lost from 1975 to 1999, humanitarian issues within the fragile state were far from solved, importuning Australian aid for many years to come. In the form of non-legal responses, Australia contributed over $890 million in assistance between 1999 and 2009, inclusive of medical aid in the form of 10 000 operations and 15 000 consultations for the people of the renamed Timor-Leste, and the creation of 32 000 jobs through public works projects. Such a response - one that came at a great economic and political cost - represents not only the extent of Australian assistance to its conflicted neighbour, but also the importance of immediate peacekeeping in preserving world order. Furthermore, non-government organisations such as CARE Australia, that addresses indicators of economic development including life expectancy, had worked in East-Timor since 1994, displaying the ability of non-state actors to proactively respond to issues that threaten human rights and multinational stability. Moreover, Australian efforts came to fruition with the success of the 2012 elections held in Timor-Leste a mere 10 years after its declaration of statehood, conclusively portraying the importance and effectiveness of Australia's responses in resolving conflicts, protecting democracy and reinstating regional stability and international law.
Whilst world order issues involve initial tensions between states, such issues have the ability to promote an even greater level of global cooperation and resilience to future conflicts; in recognition of common threats, national objectives become ones of international focus. Terrorism, defined as acts of violence against a population to inflict terror and hence influence governments, could be classified as one such issue, arising as a global phenomenon since the 11 September 2001 attacks against the United States. With terrorist networks such as Al Qaeda and ISIS possessing loosely connected cells in many countries, advanced economies internationally have become severely influenced by these groups and have responded extensively. Australia’s growing responses to terrorism have been largely stimulated by the Bali Bombings of October 2002, where in claiming the lives of 89 Australians, shattered any global preconception of safety from the threat of terrorism due to geographical isolation. Australian retaliation ensued, including surges in government funding for the Australian Secret Intelligence Organisation, the provision of 46 members of the Australian Federal Police to assist investigation of the Bali Bombings, and legal reforms increasing the maximum sentence for espionage from 7 to 25 years.
Further legislative reformation increase exponentially in the years following, such as amendments to the Federal Criminal Code Act 1995 to outlaw membership and connections to terrorist organisation, as well as the introduction of Part 2A of the Terrorism (Police Powers) Act 2002 (NSW), which increased potential detention periods up to 14 days for terror suspects. Such legislation is a key measure in the international ‘war on terror’, as it both establishes standards of punishment and investigation globally, and encourages the development of interconnected networks of intelligence between nation states - a proactive force against the issue of terrorism. This is highlighted by the domestic ‘Joint Counter Terrorism Intelligence Coordination Unit’ initiative that combines officers and databases of all Australian intelligence agencies, a program supplementary to Australia’s ratification of ‘memorandums of understanding’ on counter-terrorism with Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines. The aforementioned agreements promote increased bilateral cooperation between intelligence and law enforcements agencies and defense officials of Australia and the signatory countries; conventions that actively support domestic reform and a stability and security between states globally. Hence, in response to the complication of terrorism, as recent in Australia as the ‘Lindt Cafe Siege’ of 2014, Australia has responded extensively within legal, political and economic frameworks to ensure both regional and international peace.
Home
Help
Search
Login
