1. VCAA 2005 exam 2, question 5 b). little confused about this experiment. if there is growth of the fungus in tube 12, then how could the answer be that the fungus cannot produce histidine (the amino acid in tube 12)?
2. what innate immune response does not involve cells/chemicals? coughing,vomiting?
3. VCAA 2017 northern hemisphere exam. I know the mice in group 2 were not treated with bacteria, which is why the growth of pathogenic fungus was large, but why would the levels of APCs and Tc cells be low? Also, in group 1, why would the levels of APCs and levels of Tc cells be high if the bacteria played a role in reducing pathogenic fungus growth.
4. Function of primer: to act as a site for Taq polymerase to bind to and to select the region of DNA to be amplified.
5. Why s-shaped spine is important? acts as a spring to facilitate bipedalism.
6. How does following indicate cultural evolution: presence of art, stone tools, burials? I'm more so struggling with how to word my answer for this.
7. With NADH, what do we say happens after it reaches ETC. Does it offload or donate the hydrogen ions to the cytochromes?
1. Histidine was added to tube 12. That's what they were testing. The fungus did not need to make it's own histine (because it was present in the tube) which meant the the fungus could grow.
2. also intact skin
3. I'm not entirely sure - and I don't think the question requires you to know why, but I think the high levels of of APC's and Tc cells are supposed to be due to the bacteria being present, like maybe the bacteria caused the immune reaction. The question kind of skims over that bit - so I don't think you need to know why, it's just assumed to be caused by the bacteria and thought to help prevent fungus growth.
4. Depending on the context, you should probably include something about taq polymerase extending the strand of DNA from that point
5. Yeah. Probably should include something about it making bipedalism more efficient
6. They're sophisticated actions and indicate that learning occured. Cultural evolution is essentially attributable to learning being possible. The development of rituals like burial is an example of cultural evolution.
7. Doesn't really matter. I've heard 'donate' used more commonly.