genome: total sum of genetical material in a cell or the organism
gene expression: the process of protein synthesis which includes transcription, modification in euk., translation and modification at the golgi.
genes are the units of inheritence which are passed on to each generation
transcription: rna polymerase binds to the promotor sequence of the gene under consideration causing it to unwind exposing free nucleotides on the template strand. rna nucleotides are added to the exposed nucleotides according to the complementary base pairing rule with the aid of rna polym. this continues until the terminator is reached and mRNA is produced in prokaryotes and pre-mRNA in eukaryotes
translation: mRNA binds to the ribosome and the codons are read. tRNA attaches to a specific amino acid in the cytosol of which it carries to the ribosome. if the anti-codon is complimentary to the codon according to the complimentary base pairing rule, then the amino acid forms a part of the amino acid sequence. this process continues and adjacent amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. this stops when the stop codon is reached and the result is a polypeptide or protein.
gel electrophoresis: because dna is negatively charged, the negative electrode results in the dna being repelled by the negative electrode. the longer the length of the DNA, the greater the frictional resistance for the DNA to pass through the agarose gel.
DNA profiling: basically looks at using short tandem repeats, which is run through gel electrophoresis and can be compared.
DNA sequencing: helps determine the base nucleotide sequence of a DNA strand. it is based on the fact that each nucleotide stains differently, and so can be readily identified in a strand.
DNA recombination: this involves cutting a plasmid and a transgene with the same restriction enzyme. in doing so, the plasmid and transgene can hybridise due to complimentary base pairs. the gene is then incorporated into the genome of the prokaryote and thus the gene will be expressed, producing the desired product e.g. human insulin.
DNA amplification: involves amplifying the amount of DNA when a trace amount is present. first of all the dna sample is heated in order to denature the DNA ensuring that the strands are single stranded. it is then cooled and primers are added at the 3' end. it is then heated to anneal primers. dna nucleotides are then added according to the complimentary base pairing rule with the aid of dna polymerase. this cycle continues.
gene cloning: the process of producing genetically identical cells or offspring to the donor. there is therapeutic which involves the production of tissues etc. and there is reproductive which is the production of an entire organism. the methods are nuclear transfer and embryo splitting.
gene transformation: mannipulate a gene so that the functioning of the gene has also been altered. this is basically the same thing as recombination.
gene delivery systems: these vectors that are used depend on the organisms which are involved, can use retroviruses, adenoviruses, microinjection, agrobacterium, liposome etc.
gene regulation: in prokaryotes they have operons, and they produce repressor molecules from regulatory genes which inhibit the expression of a gene. in eukaryotes we have dna binding proteins and signalling proteins. it conserves energy so that energy is not wasted on maintaining genes which are not required and also allows the differentiation of cells.
eukaryote chromosomes are made up of 1/3 dna and 2/3 protein.
alleles are alternative forms of a gene
[prokaryote chromosomes are found as a circular molecule alongside numerous plasmids which are self-replicating double stranded circular molecules of dna., note the circular molecules is found on the circular chromosome.
cell cycle: a representation of the different phases that a cell goes through, throughout its lifetime. gap 1, synthesis, gap 2 and replication. in gap 1: cell is growing, organelles doubling, in synthesis dna replication occurs, in gap 2 cell is preparing for mitosis./ binarry fission/ meiosis.
DNA replication: process is known, but important enzymes need to remmeber are dna helicase, dna primase, dna polymerase, dna ligase
apoptosis: programmed cell death.. deaths signals are picked up by death receptors activating self-destruction. capsases are activated and break down protein and dna, phagocytosis of parts of the cell occurs and other parts e.g. organelles are recycled.
binary fission: the form of cellular replication in prokaryotes whereby one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells with the same genome.
meiosis: inputs: diploid cell.. outputs: 4 genetically diverse haploid cells
mutations: random permeanent changes in the dna of an individual which can alter the seuqence or the arrangement of. the mutation can be a point mutation or a macro/ black mutation. it is the source of new alleles in a population.,
genotype: the specific alleles that an individual posses at a particular gene locus.
phenotype: the way that the genotype os expressed biochemically, structurally, behaviourally or physiologically which is a product of both the genotype and the environment.
continous: when a trait varies over a continuum and no discrete groups can be distinguished e.g. eye colour
discontinuous: when thre are only specific variations of a trait e.g. ABO blood groups.
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