Historians Quotes. (French, Russian, American, Chinese)

[IAmImmature000000]

I was thinking of devising a thread in which quotes can be easily accessed, so by the end of the year we'll all know at least a handful of useful ones. I know it's a section that can get frustrating so helping each other out will assist and in diminishing that.
It doesn't matter if it's French, Russian, American or the Chinese.
If you ever come along anything that you think is helpful post it in this thread.

Leave the quote, name of the historian and their viewpoint (if known) and post away.
NOTE: I've only studied the French in detail so far so I'm not much help at the moment for the other sections.

FRENCH

Click the bar below for quotes from another user, Menang.

click here

AOS 1

“The Enlightenment undermined the ideological foundations of the established order.”

“The ultimate cause of the revolution was the rise of the Bourgeois.”

“It was in the Church, more than any other group in France, that the separation between rich and poor was most bitterly articulated.”

“[there was] enough for the government to function for one afternoon.”

(on the economic crisis up to 1789)

“The decision [the declaration of the national assembly] marked the beginnings of the real revolution and it was largely as a result of the indecision of Louis XVI”

“[the Storming of the Bastille] was the climax of the popular movement.”

“[the Great Fear] allowed the peasants to realise their strength.”

“…having won its victory over “privilege” and “despotism”, the Bourgeois now wanted peace and quiet in order to proceed with its task of giving France a constitution.”

“The August Decrees were an improvised parliamentary reaction to an emergency situation.”

AOS 2

The October Days

“The Revolution of the Bourgeois deputies had only been secured by the active intervention of the people of Paris.”

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy

“More serious perhaps was the division caused among the clergy by the new Church settlement… These dissensions would, In themselves, have made it impossible to arrest the course of the Revolution.”

“Mounting clerical opposition to these changes ultimately focused on the CoCC voted on 12th July 1790… However, in applying popular sovereignty to the choice of priests and bishops, the Assembly crossed the narrow line separating temporal and spiritual life.”

“In the end, it proved impossible to reconcile a church based on divinely ordained hierarchy... with a revolution based on popular sovereignty.”

“It is clear that refusal to take the Oath was the first sign of popular resistance to the revolution… the religious element was immediately transformed into a political issue because both the monarchy and the revolution had turned the catholic Church into an auxiliary of the state.”

“The French Revolution had many turning points; but the oath of the clergy was; if not the greatest, unquestionably one of the. It was certainly the Constituent Assembly’s most serious mistake. For the first time, it forced fellow citizens to choose: declare themselves publicly for or against the new order.”

"...aroused the determined hostility of at least half the French clergy and of the entire Church abroad... This was fated to divide the nation more than any other single measure."

The Flight to Varennes

“From this moment the King appeared as the most dangerous foe to the mass of the people; the Flight to Varennes had finally torn off the mask and revealed him in his true colours.

“By fleeing, one King renounced his sovereignty, while another king, the people, looked on.”

“The events of that night would prove a turning point in the history of the Revolution and the of the French monarchy, with an enormous immediate impact on Paris, and on the National Assembly and indeed on the whole of France and Europe.”

Declaration of War on Austria

“But this war, which was desired by all parties except the Mountain… as a move in their internal policy, was to falsify all the calculations of those who brought it about.”

The August Insurrection

“[the Revolution] was now armed, democratic and republican.”

“[pushed the revolution] dramatically to the left.”

“It was the bloodiest day of the Revolution so far, but also one of the most decisive. Though the King and his family remained unscathed, his authority fell with his palace… few believed that he would ever sit on the throne again, unless with foreign aid.”

“For the Parisian nobility, it was 10 August 1792, rather than 14 July 1789, that marked the end of the Ancien Regime.”

“The period following 10 August… was marked by a duality of power: Paris and the Assembly. The legal government of the Legislative Assembly, which had only a month more to run, was counterbalanced by the urban dictatorship of tan insurrectionist Commune which had emerged from 10 August.”

September Massacres

“…they must be understood in light of circumstances. They were occasioned by fear and hysteria. To the average Frenchman they doubtless seemed a regrettable but unavoidable necessity.”

“… a good case… might be made for seeing the September Massacres as an event which… exposed a central truth of the French Revolution: its dependence on organised killing to accomplish political ends. For however virtuous the principles of kingless France were supposed to be, their power to compel allegiance depended, from the very beginning, on the spectacle of death.”

"And yet, whatever their origins and as unsavoury as they were, the massacres were an event of some importance: they appeared to complete the destruction of the enemy... Thus the Republic, proclaimed that autumn, became established on what seemed a solid enough foundation - by the victory of the Revolution over its enemies at home and abroad."

The Terror

“In reality the government lost control of the repression... like administration, it was decentralised by the emergency."

“In other words, it ruled through fear, making the threat of death hang over all servants of the state and citizens alike.”

“In 1793 terrorist discourse was in the mouths of nearly all the leaders of the Revolution. Conceived in order to exterminate aristocracy, the Terror ended as a means of subduing wrongdoers and combatting crime. From now on it coincided with and was inseparable from the Revolution, because there was no other way of someday moulding a republic of citizens.”

“The central purpose of the Terror was to institute the emergency and draconian measures necessary at a time of military crisis.”

“The Terror should be viewed as an outgrowth of the siege mentality that gripped Paris in Year II…. As a response to pressure from the sans-culottes for total solutions to total problems… and as a reaction to the exigency of war, rebellion and counter revolution… The machinery of the Terror was fashioned in an atmosphere of patriotic exaltation, suspicion and violence."

“The dictatorship of a party or a class is as a rule only established by force, and in time of war this is necessarily so. Revolutionary government had as its inevitable accompaniment the Terror.”

“The fever of patriotism, the approach of the enemy, and the sound of tocsin lulled the men’s consciences to sleep.”

“The massacres contributed to divide the revolutionary leaders as well as to envenom the relations between the Girondin and the Parisian sans-culottes.”

“The institutions of the Terror had been created long before Robespierre joined the government on 26th July 1793.”

Law of 14 Frimaire

“It marked the end of anarchy and severely curtailed the power of the sans-culottes movement.”

“[it ended]… the anarchic process by which zealots could take the law into their own hands.”

Thermidor

“The Thermidoreans brought back and would give lasting life to that new race of political men… conservative revolutionaries.”

“There was little to admire in them; no motive higher than self-preservation inspired their desperate attack, no ideals justified their executions, no laurels crowned their victory.”

“The ninth of Thermidor marked not so much the overthrow of one man or a group of men as the rejection of a form of government.”

“The destruction of the Robespierrists and the wholesale purge of the Commune soon resulted in the Revolution’s lurching to the Right.”

Insurrection of 12 Germinal

“It was essentially a social protest, inspired by hunger and hatred of the new rich.”

“To the sans-culottes it seemed that the gap between rich and poor was becoming as wide as it had been before the Revolution.”

Insurrection of 1 Prairial

“This date marked the end of the revolution; its mainspring had been broken.”

Insurrection of 13 Vendemaire

“So fast was the tide of reaction flowing, indeed, that the royalists began to hope for a restoration.”

White Terror

“… the two Terrors were truly opposite and comparable, and the blood split gives some idea of the extraordinary social violence which runs through the years of the Revolution. However… the white Terror was never institutional, it had no courts and no administration; it was never sanctioned by instruments of justice or law.”

Constitution of the Year III

“[the Constitution was] a return to the provisions of 1791… in this sense the Constitutions marks the end of the Revolution.”

“[the Constitution was an attempt] to signpost the new road which had been opened up in 1789 and lost in 1793.”

“…the Constitution… in effect returned the country’s political economic leadership to men who were reasonably well off.”

"[power to chose deputies lay in the hands of] the rich rentier Bourgeoisie, rich tenant farmers and former nobility, who were eligible as long as none of their relatives was an emigre."

Overall

"Was, then, the revolution worth it in material terms? For most ordinary French subjects turned by it into citizens, it cannot have been."

George Rudé (Marxist) - "[the National Assembly's actions] made it impossible to arrest the course of the Revolution."

Patrice Higonnet - "[I reject] the idea that the essence of Jacobin politics culminated in the immoral and useless Terror of 1793-1794"

William Doyle (Revisionist) - "It was resistance that made the revolution become violent."

David Garrioch - "The 'defender' [Robspierre] of the rights of man suspended civil and political liberties. The 'spokesman' [Robspierre] for religious toleration persecuted priests and nuns."

Peter Mcphee - "While proclaiming the universality of rights and civic equality of all citizens, it [The Declaration Of Rights of Man and Citizen] was ambiguous on whether the propertyless, slaves and women would have political say as well as legal equality."

Albert Soboul (Marxist) - “The Enlightenment undermined the ideological foundations of the established order.”

Lefebvre Henri (Marxist) - “The ultimate cause of the revolution was the rise of the Bourgeois.”

Simon Schama - “It was in the Church, more than any other group in France, that the separation between rich and poor was most bitterly articulated.”

Jill Fenwick & July Anderson - “The decision [the declaration of the national assembly] marked the beginnings of the real revolution and it was largely as a result of the indecision of Louis XVI”

William Doyle (Revisionist) - “[the Storming of the Bastille] was the climax of the popular movement.”

Lefebvre Henri (Marxist) - “[the Great Fear] allowed the peasants to realise their strength.”

George Rudé (Marxist) - “…having won its victory over “privilege” and “despotism”, the Bourgeois now wanted peace and quiet in order to proceed with its task of giving France a constitution.”

François Furet - “The August Decrees were an improvised parliamentary reaction to an emergency situation.”

Peter Mcphee - “The Revolution of the Bourgeois deputies had only been secured by the active intervention of the people of Paris.”

Peter Mcphee - “In the end, it proved impossible to reconcile a church based on divinely ordained hierarchy... with a revolution based on popular sovereignty.”

François Furet - “It is clear that refusal to take the Oath was the first sign of popular resistance to the revolution… the religious element was immediately transformed into a political issue because both the monarchy and the revolution had turned the catholic Church into an auxiliary of the state.”

William Doyle (Revisionist) - “The French Revolution had many turning points; but the oath of the clergy was; if not the greatest, unquestionably one of the. It was certainly the Constituent Assembly’s most serious mistake. For the first time, it forced fellow citizens to choose: declare themselves publicly for or against the new order.”

J.F Bosher - "...aroused the determined hostility of at least half the French clergy and of the entire Church abroad... This [The Civil Constitution] was fated to divide the nation more than any other single measure."

Albert Soboul (Marxist) - “From this moment the King appeared as the most dangerous foe to the mass of the people; the Flight to Varennes had finally torn off the mask and revealed him in his true colours.

Charles Richet - “By fleeing, one King renounced his sovereignty, while another king, the people, looked on.”

Timothy Tackett - “The events [Flight To Varennes] of that night would prove a turning point in the history of the Revolution and the of the French monarchy, with an enormous immediate impact on Paris, and on the National Assembly and indeed on the whole of France and Europe.”

Albert Mathiez (Socialist) - “But this war, which was desired by all parties except the Mountain… as a move in their internal policy, was to falsify all the calculations of those who brought it about.”

Lefebvre Henri (Marxist) - “In reality the government lost control of the repression [The Terror]... like administration, it was decentralised by the emergency."

Peter Mcphee - “The central purpose of the Terror was to institute the emergency and draconian measures necessary at a time of military crisis.”

Albert Mathiez (Socialist) - “The dictatorship of a party or a class is as a rule only established by force, and in time of war this is necessarily so. Revolutionary government had as its inevitable accompaniment the Terror.”

Jeffrey Lewis - “The institutions of the Terror had been created long before Robespierre joined the government on 26th July 1793.”

Simon Schama - “it [Law of 14 Frimaire] ended… the anarchic process by which zealots could take the law into their own hands.”

William Doyle (Revisionist) - "Was, then, the revolution worth it in material terms? For most ordinary French subjects turned by it into citizens, it cannot have been."

RUSSIAN

Robert Service - ...the Russian Empire was deeply fissured between the government and the tsar's subjects; between the capital and the provinces; between the educated and the uneducated; between Western and Russian ideas; between rich and poor; between privilege and oppression; between contemporary fashion and centuries-old custom.

Albert Nenarokov - The general backwardness of the country could not be overcome by half0measures or reforms of any kind. It was a reflection of the crisis of the whole system and called for its reorganisation.

Tsuyoshi Hasegawa - ...the Tsarist regime was pregnant with irreconcilable internal contradictions that it had no capacity to resolve.

Bernard Pares - The sovereign might be weak as water, he might change his mind every five minutes, but the thing which he said last, was the thing that was done, and the government of the Empire reflection in full every variation of his will.

Orlando Figes (Revisionist) - Time and time again, the obstinate refusal of the tsarist regime to concede reforms turned what should have been a political problem into a revolutionary crisis... the tsarist regime's downfall was not inevitable; but its own stupidity made it so.

Richard Pipes (Liberal) - ...the collapse of tsarism, while not improbably, was certainly not inevitable.

Orlando Figes (Revisionist) - It was ironic but somehow fitting that the 1905 Revolution should have been started by an organisation dreamed up by the tsarist regime itself. No-one believed more than Father Gapon in the bond between Tsar and people.

Bernard Pares - The monarchy had been saved; the economy was prosperous; and Russia had - shall we say - half a constitution.

Orlando Figes (Revisionist) - ...although the regime succeeded in restoring order, it could not hope to put the clock back. 1905 had changed society for good. Many of the younger comrades of 1905 were the elders of 1917. They were inspired by its memory and instructed by its lessons.

Richard Pipes (Liberal) - In the end [after the 1905 revolution], Russia gained nothing more than a breathing spell.

David Longley - The collapse of 1917 was paradoxically the consequences of the success of the regime in meeting the military challenge, at the expense of civilian Russia; a traditionally Russian situation.

W. Bruce Lincoln - Ever since the Emperor Nicholas II had taken command of his country's collapsing armies in August 1915, he had allowed his neurotically introspective Empress to turn his empire onto one of the most bizarre courses ever taken by a nation at war.

Bernard Pares - "And so the Russian Emperor was compelled by his wife to flout all thinking Russia, his Ministers, the Duma, the organs of local government and the general public, and go off to the front to win the war without them, leaving her to manage the rear for him."

Nenarokov - "The decay of the tsarist regime was most apparent in the Rasputin cult."

Alan Wood - "...the scandal which had surrounded Rasputin's name was merely a symptom, not a cause, of the acute malaise which inflicted an incompetent and unpopular regime now deep in the throes of war."

Orlando Figes (Revisionist) - "Alexandra's 'sexual corruption' became a kind of metaphor for the diseased condition of the tsarist state."

AMERICAN


CHINESE

[Menang]

Awesome!
Just to add that I have a compilation of my favourite French Revolution quotes here and there's a similar topic for the Russian Revolution (albeit incomplete - I never got around to fully typing everything up) somewhere in the Revolutions category.

[John Smith]

Do we have any Chines historical quote resources?

[IAmImmature000000]

[John Smith]

Quotes on the Chinese Revolution

[iamblossom]

Quotes on the Chinese Revolution

This is a bit late since we're on AOS2 already, but maybe it'll help someone come exams. Sorry for the awful formatting.

Here's what I've got for AOS 1:


Yuan Shikai & rise to power
 "The decision to replace the dynasty, and the monarchy, with a republic was, at that time, a most radical step ... That the Chinese, of all people, should choose a republic rather than a new dynasty seemed to be wildly idealistic, unpractical and reckless." - C.P. Fitzgerald.

 ‘He knew how to make the old system work, but it turned out that ... he had no vision of a new system." - John King Fairbank

Twenty one demands

"For all his faults, Yuan Shikai held China together…" - Tom Ryan

"If the revolution had been meant to assert China's national rights, the new regime had within 18 months, acceded to foreign control never suffered under the Qing." - Jonathan Fenby

may 4th

The May Fourth Movement marked…. A sense of real and impending crises; a combination of plurality of competing ideas aimed at ‘saving the nation.’ (hints at Marxism) Rana Mitter

"May Fourth Movement stood as a milestone of Chinese history…. From which all future Chinese political movements derived political inspiration." Schell and Delury

""the whole Chinese nation was being exploited by stronger capitalist imperialist powers." Tom Ryan of Li Dazhao's views

comintern cooperation

"This foreign devil was aggressive and hard to deal with… he seemed endowed with the social superiority complex of the white man." Li Dazhao of Maring

sun-joffe declaration

"The national revolution was to come before the socialist one; in other words, it was seen as more important to find common ground as Chinese before tackling class divisions. " - Tom Ryan

"his (Sun's) alliance with the Comintern was one of desperation" - Tom Ryan

"The Republic is my child. It is in danger of drowning… There comes a Russian straw. Drowning I clutch at it… I know it is a straw, but it is better than nothing." - Sun Yixian, 1923

"we cannot afford to have our revolutionary forces divided" - Li Dazhao

"We join the Guomindang because we believe that we can contribute to its strength as well as provide an additional rationale for promoting our national revolution" - Li Dazhao

"The alliance provided the communists with wider access to Chinese society and the powerful forces of revolution latent within it." - Meisner

"It was a marriage of convenience" - Jonathan Fenby, Generalissimo 

death of sun

"His death destabilised this fragile union. Sun also left behind a party unsure of its leadership and prone to factionalism." - Tom Ryan

rise of jiang

‘If I control the army, I will have the power to control the country. It is my road to leadership.’ - Jiang Jieshi to his wife

"We consider Chiang Kai-shek [Jiang Jieshi] a peculiar person with peculiar characteristics, most prominent of these being his lust for glory and power and craving to be the hero of China." - Soviet advisor quoted on Fenby

"The China correspondent for the New York Times wrote, ‘the expedition appeared to be a hopeless folly." - Chinese correspondent for the New York Times

white terror + Shanghai massacre

‘This could be portrayed either as fifth column aid for the Nationalists, or as a bid to set up a Soviet, or both. It was a major threat to Jiang since the strikers would greatly outnumber his troops.’ - Jonathan Fenby

Some leading nationalists " may not be as friendly as you think they are." - Zhou Enlai to Borodin

"a bloodbath that virtually destroyed both the CCP and the workers’ movement in China’s largest city’" - Maurice Miesner

"Execution squads patrolled the streets"
"examined his neck for the tell-tale red."
"unceremoniously shot while the crowd of people in the street applauded."
-Frederick Hinke

"We are told that Chiang [Jiang] is making ready to turn against us again. I know that he is playing a cunning game with us; it is he that will be crushed. We shall squeeze him like a lemon and then be rid of him." - Stalin, a week before the Shanghai massacre.

Chen Duxiu - "like taking a bath in shit;’ another Communist said he didn’t know whether to laugh or cry." - q. in Ryan. Of the comintern instructions.

"‘a toilet which, however often you flush it, still stinks." Borodin, of the GMD

"massacre of the people"  - Wang Jingwei's Wuhan govt of Jiang.

"[The left faction of the GMD] remained a house divided against itself … Its revolutionary ardour was broken, its unity shattered, and its leaders had become rivals for power." - Helmut Callis

"This cleared the way for his rivals to tear at each other’s throats." - Sterling Seagrave, of jiangs vacation.

"achieved a semblance of national unity and the Guomindang government was recognised by world powers." - Ryan, of the northern Expedition

"[Jiang]  enjoyed enormous power and prestige" - Ryan

nationalist decade

“the party would monopolise power on behalf of the people for a period of ‘political tutelage’” (Ryan, 94).
 Jiang was “not strong enough to impose order across the whole nation” - tom ryan

R.H. Tawny, British researcher, commented that the Chinese peasant was like “a man standing permanently up to his neck in water so that even a ripple is sufficient to drown him.” (cited in Ryan, 97)

“our officials are hypocritical, greedy and corrupt”, - Jiang

 “Jiang’s vision for national renewal was therefore limited by regional politics and financial constraints.”- Tom Ryan

"[the nationalist decade] brought much needed stability “ - Kathlyn Gay

“peace and order were relative, just as the unification achieved in this decade was more apparent than real” Lucien Bianco

Jiangxi Soviet

Mao had noted of the Huhanese peasants that “they are oppressed by heavy rents… high interest rates… heavy local taxes…exploitation of farm labor… and the landowner’s cooperation with the warlords and corrupt officials”

"“political power grows out of the barrel of a gun”" mao
but “gun is useless if the trigger puller is not the missionary of an appealing cause.” - Ross Terril

"“starkly different from other armies” - Tom Ryan

 “fighting for… themselves and for the people” - Kathlyn Gay

“well trained, politically educated, using successful guerrilla tactics, and with respect for the peasants” - D. Mcdonald

The Jiangxi Soviet were “broad masses of the exploited and oppressed workers, peasants, soldiers and toilers,” the purpose of which is “overthrowing imperialism; eliminating the landlord class; bringing down the Guomindang warlord government” Mao, cited in Tom Ryan

Mao believed “revolution is insurrection” (Quoted in Richards et al 74), in direct contrast with Stalin’s directed comment that “to play with insurrections… is a sure way of losing the revolution.” (Quoted in Ryan, 86)

The long march - encirclement

""a concrete and steel ‘noose’ that could be gradually tightened around the enemy. " - Tom Ryan

"Mao has not been consulted, nor had his advice been sought about what to do" Sun Shuyun

tlm Xiang River

"*"The majority almost certainly deserted" Sun Shuyun

From this point on "It was one long battle from beginning to end" - Edgar Snow

Mao "Fanned the flames of discontent"
Tom Ryan

"Central Triad [threesome] of the faction which waged a subversive struggle to take over the Party and Army leadership." - Otto Braun of Lou, Wang, and Mao

 "been right all the time and we should listen to him" - Zhou Enlai of Mao

""it is almost impossible to believe that under any genius of command the Reds could have emerged victorious from
the Himalayan obstacles which faced them" - Edgar Snow

"This turning point in the Chinese revolution [ Zunyi conference] has been an embarrassment for nearly everyone
involved.. Mao's rise was never as dramatic and final as his supporters would have liked"  - Thomas Kampen

tlm luding bridge

positive
   "outcome of the attack hung by a hair"
"The enemy's dream ended in smoke" - Yang Chengwu

   " Spirit somehow triumphed over matter that afternoon at the Dadu." Ross Terrill
   
   Edgar Snow controversial report of Luding Bridge
      "undimmed ardour and undying hope and amazing revolutionary optimism "
      "would not admit defeat either by man or nature or god or death "
"Odyssey unequalled "

negative
   "Only a squadron was at the other end." "no match for the Red Army" "wasn't really much of a battle" - Blacksmith Zhu cited by Sun Shuyun
   
"Chairman, with one squad we could hold a bridge like that indefinitely" - Mao's bodyguard cited in Ed Jocelyn and Andrew McEwen

   "complete invention. There was no battle at the Dadu Bridge" "numerous Nationalist communications make no mention of any fighting on the bridge or in the town … Chiang [Jiang] had left the passage open for the Reds." Jung Chang and Jon Halliday
   
   "troops guarding the Luding Bridge were not disciplined Nationalist soldiers but provincial warlord men. " - Tom Ryan
   
"‘The reality was only slightly more prosaic [unexciting] than the myth which Snow created. The assault force did not “swing out … hand over hand”; they crept out crabwise along the chains at each side of the bridge, while a second group laid an improvised floor of planks and branches behind them" Phillip Short

tlm snowy mountains

"one big, deadly swamp; deep, black muck pits swallowed men and horses. "
Tom Ryan

tlm end

" ‘… the Reds finally reached their objective with their nucleus still intact, and their morale and political will evidently as strong as ever." Edgar Snow

tlm overall


"Tactically the Long March was a retreat but psychologically it imbued the Communists with a strong sense of purpose. " Tom Ryan

"an extraordinary feat of survival and endurance; it had profound consequences on the party leadership. " Tom Ryan

"The experience ultimately contributed enormously to the perception of himself as a man of destiny who would lead his followers to the completion of their revolutionary mission … for Mao was the prophet who had led the survivors through the wilderness." Maurice Meisner

"It was born out of political failure and the prospect of military catastrophe that ended in near military disaster" - Maurice Meisner

"The cult of [Mao Zedong]… was born out of the Long March" - Maurice Meisner

"one of the biggest myths of the twentieth century." Jung Chang and Jon Halliday

"true story exploited for propaganda purposes." Ed Jocelyn

"biggest armed propaganda tour in history."  "skillful piece of brilliant political strategy" - Edgar Snow

"nightmare of death and pain while it was in progress." Jonathan Spence

Yan'an soviet

"Take the ideas of the masses and concentrate them, then go to the masses, persevere in the ideas and carry them through, so as to form correct ideas of leadership – such is the basic method of leadership." Mao, Mass Line notion

"dogma is less useful than excrement ... [It] can’t fertilize fields ... Of what use [is it]?" Mao of the 'book-learning' communists

General Stilwell's reports

 "misuse of military supplies and stockpiling" (Ryan)

"The Chinese soldier is excellent material, wasted and betrayed by stupid leadership".  - Stilwell

 "Chiang Kai-shek [Jiang Jieshi] is directly responsible for much of the confusion that normally exists in his command." - Stilwell