CRAM! CRAM NOTES!

[kenhung123]

Chimps and humans diverged from the line that led to gorillas before humans diverged from line lead to chimp

Stand upright to stand over the grass to see predators in savannah and cross rivers

Long arm short legs allow swinging on trees

Long arms no longer needed for locomotion to swing therefore can use hands to use tools and weapons to attack predators

Generally small to large brains, large to small teeth due to change in diet cook meat not raw meat no grinding plant material, greater intelligence

Narrow rib cage we eat meat we have shorter digestive system as meat have more energy than plant

Foramer magnum become more central

Femur bones angle in to make knee at centre of gravity allows balancing on 1 leg

Small brow ridge

Flat face

Trends out of place in homo neanderthalensis with bigger brain case/brain but not necessary more intelligent


Here you go! Thats my collection!

[hyperblade01]

BIOLOGY - THINGS TO REMEMBER


-   Okazaki fragments
-   Intermediate/incomplete inheritance – red and white >>> pink

-   Introns not expressed so errors on there are not translated

-   Consider overall % and then gender %
-   Read pedigree and punnet square questions
o   Whether to exclude alleles in calculations



-   Human Evolution Theories


-   Hemizygous
-   Operons – promoter and operator
o   The entire sequence of DNA required to produce mRNA
o   Promotor – RNA polymerase binds enabling gene to be transcribed
o   Operator – binding site for regulator and hence controls access


-   STR – Short Tandem Repeat, a position on chromosomes where multiple copies of a sequence are joined end to end
-   What is a gene probe?
-   Human Characteristics – why brow ridge
o   Opposable thumbs
o   Leg:arm ratio
o   Position of foramen magnum
-   Stem Cells – undifferentiated somatic cells
-   Darwin’s Finches >>> Adaptive Radiation

-   DNA is read 3’ to 5’ end???

o   Primes anneal to 3’ end and read

-   Genetic Screening – used to identify specific genetic disorders in individuals

-   Plasmid – small circular DNA that replicates independent of chromosomes

o   Recombinant DNA
o   Transformation
o   Genetic Engineering

-   GMO vs TGO
o   GMO’s have had their genotype artificially changed
o   TGO have had genes introduced from another species.

-   Founder Effect – loss of alleles from population

-   Variation in linked genes due to crossing over
-   Stratigraphy – where relative age determined by position of stratum
-   Pseudogenes – broken genes that are unable to function
-   tRNA diagram labelled

-   Theory of evolution

o   Common embryology
o   Biochemical similarities
o   Structural similarity between closely related organisms

-   Polymorphism – needs to be present for selection to occur

-   Selection pressure vs selective agent

o   Selection pressure is the extent or intensity which organisms with specific traits are favoured for or against
o   Selective agent refers to environment factor or component that causes selection pressure

-   DNA polymerase vs RNA polymerase

- Dominant allele selected against will leave quicker

-   Therapeutic cloning vs nuclear trasnfer
o   Produces stem cells vs new organism





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Probably won't understand half of it as it's mainly for me

[kenhung123]

Fundamental notes! Thanks!

[Greggler]

okazaki fragments?
what are these?

[kenhung123]

short dna fragments fromed on 5' 3'strand

[n.f]

Fragments of nucleotides yet to bind on lagging strand
I wouldn't consider them to be worth remembering. Never (ever) seen them in vcaa exams

[dodgedanpei]

MORE!

[ninwa]

Fragments of nucleotides yet to bind on lagging strand
I wouldn't consider them to be worth remembering. Never (ever) seen them in vcaa exams

weren't they on the 2007 VCAA exam?

[TheJosh]

Are analogous structures formed as a result of biogeography? or are they both different?

[boysenberry]

Are analogous structures formed as a result of biogeography? or are they both different?

Analogous structures are formed due to similar environments and selection pressures acting in two or more species of organisms

[TheJosh]

How is biogeography different?