need help with q 7a, 11 and 19-21! if anyone can help me answer those greatly appreciated 
Question 7
Bandura’s 1963a experiment showed that social learning can occur even when an aggressive model is not
directly observed by the learner.
a. What conditions, other than direct observation, were used?
Video tape and cartoon models.
(for this study, there was a control group that observed a live passive model, however this shouldnt be included for this answer because that was direct observation)
Question 11
Fabian is a learner driver. He is used to practising driving in his brother’s Holden. When the fuel light appears
in the Holden, Fabian knows from experience that he can travel a further 80 km before running out of fuel.
Fabian’s parents have bought him a different car, a Corolla, for his 18th birthday. The third time Fabian drives
his new Corolla, the red fuel light appears. He continues to drive the car, expecting to be able to travel for at
least a further 80 km before having to refuel the car. To his surprise, the car runs out of fuel after 50 km. The
next time Fabian is driving the Corolla when the red fuel light appears, he makes sure he refuels the car within
the next 45 km.
Fabian has learnt about the capacity of the Corolla’s fuel tank through operant conditioning.
a. Identify each of the following from the scenario.
i. discriminative stimulus - red fuel light
ii. operant response (behaviour) - refuels car within 45km
iii. consequence - avoids car stopping
(b. negative reinforcement (Fabian avoids the negative stimulus of the car stopping by refueling))
question 11 is the positive punishment.
Stimulus: petrol gauge almost empty
Response:Keep driving
Consequence: car breaking down
Your answer shows a different interpretation of the question, but because the final part of that question says 'Fabian HAS LEARNT about...' - ie learning has already occurred - the answers should refer to what Fabian does when he is driving and the red fuel light appears for the second time
Question 19
What conclusion could be drawn about the differences in the scans between Trial 1 and Trial 2?
No conclusion could be drawn because there was no test for statistical significance (no p value included)
Question 20
a. Identify one potential confounding variable in this study - any of individual participant differences, artificiality, use of non-standardised instructions and procedures
b. Explain why this is a confounding variable:
Artificiality – the lack of realism in the testing environment (tests were done at the neuroimaging clinic at the
university at which Dr Smith worked) could produce demand characteristics that cause participants to act unnaturally
Individual participant differences – participants may have had various experiences with the materials between trials, varying responses between participants
The use of non-standardised instructions and procedures (unfamiliar and familiar languages) may have produced the difference in brain functioning, rather than because of learning, which was the focus for the experiment. The tests should have been consistent in the language of the words
Question 21
What sampling procedure did Dr Smith use in this study?
Convenience sampling (Dr Smith recruited 15 of her daughter’s friends, making no attempt to make the sample representative of the population)
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