Can anyone help me with the VCAA 2009 exam 2 question 2cde?
I read the solutions, but I still don't understand why v is w and whatnot 
w is the speed when the train leaves the tunnel at P, and at this point d = 0 (since d is the distance from P). So, when d = 0, v = w. This gives an equation relating k and w, so you can solve for k.
If you replace k in the formula with what you found in c, the equation becomes a relation between v, w and d. But since they give you v and d, you can plug those in and solve for w.
Now that you have w, you can find k, and then you can sub k back into the original equation, so now it relates v and d only. The train stops at v = 0, so you can solve for d.
2009 Exam 2 Q1e)
Why is the domain of f(g(x)) not R+U{0}, the domain of f?
The domain of a composite is the domain of the 'inside' function after it has been restricted, but since ran(g) was already a subset of dom(f), there was no restriction on ran(g), and therefore no restriction on dom(g) which is R