Principles of Human Structure

[Turtle]

Nice work Bel!! We are twins 

[Turtle]

For anyone who is doing/has done anatomy: Is this enough information to remember for the process of endochondral ossification? I have memorised this summary (and I understand it well too). And if I have gone wrong in any areas, could someone point that out, because I'm probably wrong somewhere.

Endochondral ossification occurs in long bones. Firstly, primary ossification occurs. Firstly, hyaline cartilage takes the shape of the bone. The chondrocytes then begin to multiply, forming the trabeculae lattice. This lattice is weak and it breaks down, and while this is occurring, the perichondrium is differentiating into the periosteum and the endosteum. The periosteum has an inner osteogenic layer, and an outer fibrous layer. The inner osteogeneic layer contains the osteoblasts, which form columns of bone on the outside of the existing bone. While this is occurring, cartilage is constantly being broken down, and an opening forms. At this stage, on the inside of the periosteum, and on the outside of the endosteum, remodeling is occurring, and cartilage is constantly being replaced by bone. The inner cavity forms the medullary cavity. This process first occurs in the diaphysis and then it moves up/down to the metaphysis.

After primary ossification has occurred, secondary ossification occurs. The nutrient artery enters the bone in an oblique way, through the nutrient foreamen. It is pointed away from the growing end of the bone, which means one end of the bone grows first. The nutrient artery brings with it the osteoclasts and the osteoblasts. This allows growth at the ends of the long bones to begin. The hyaline cartilage at the epiphyseal plate is broken down, and is replaced by bone at the metaphysis. This continues, and the bone grows in length.

Once the bone has finished growth, the epiphyseal growth plate disappears, and an epiphyseal line appears. The epiphyseal and metaphysical arteries also anastomose, meaning they are no longer functional end arteries. The only cartilage left is the articular cartilage on the ends of the bone.

[Starlight]

For anyone who is doing/has done anatomy: Is this enough information to remember for the process of endochondral ossification? I have memorised this summary (and I understand it well too). And if I have gone wrong in any areas, could someone point that out, because I'm probably wrong somewhere.

Endochondral ossification occurs in long bones. Firstly, primary ossification occurs. Firstly, hyaline cartilage takes the shape of the bone. The chondrocytes then begin to multiply, forming the trabeculae lattice. This lattice is weak and it breaks down, and while this is occurring, the perichondrium is differentiating into the periosteum and the endosteum. The periosteum has an inner osteogenic layer, and an outer fibrous layer. The inner osteogeneic layer contains the osteoblasts, which form columns of bone on the outside of the existing bone. While this is occurring, cartilage is constantly being broken down, and an opening forms. At this stage, on the inside of the periosteum, and on the outside of the endosteum, remodeling is occurring, and cartilage is constantly being replaced by bone. The inner cavity forms the medullary cavity. This process first occurs in the diaphysis and then it moves up/down to the metaphysis.

After primary ossification has occurred, secondary ossification occurs. The nutrient artery enters the bone in an oblique way, through the nutrient foreamen. It is pointed away from the growing end of the bone, which means one end of the bone grows first. The nutrient artery brings with it the osteoclasts and the osteoblasts. This allows growth at the ends of the long bones to begin. The hyaline cartilage at the epiphyseal plate is broken down, and is replaced by bone at the metaphysis. This continues, and the bone grows in length.

Once the bone has finished growth, the epiphyseal growth plate disappears, and an epiphyseal line appears. The epiphyseal and metaphysical arteries also anastomose, meaning they are no longer functional end arteries. The only cartilage left is the articular cartilage on the ends of the bone.

I don't think we'll ever have to write a short summary about the process. During the revision lecture, I think the "extended response" questions were made up of a bunch of short-answer type questions? Can anyone confirm this?

[Turtle]

I am pretty sure that is the case El, I think that is what they said in the revision lecture
But, I remember best with the long paragraphs, don't ask why haha

[Turtle]

When comparing arteries and veins...
Our notes say that they are different because arteries have thicker walls, and have more smooth muscle in the tunica media, and veins have the opposite.

My question is...is having thicker walls and more smooth muscle in the tunica media, the same thing, just worded differently?

In the exam, I don't want to write arteries have a thicker wall, and more smooth muscle in the media, if they mean the same thing.

Any help would be great! 

[Russ]

You can have a thicker wall without having more smooth muscle in the media

[nubs]

Does anyone else find Dr Xiao to be a pretty awful lecturer?

[Starlight]

Does anyone else find Dr Xiao to be a pretty awful lecturer?

I have heard of a lot of people saying that but I didn't think she was really that bad

[Turtle]

I thought she was great. She got right to the point, and explained everything clearly.
Her notes are good to.
And a bonus, her lectures only went for 40 mins 

[Turtle]

Hey guys,

For why the white matter/grey matter composition of the spinal cord changes, as you move down the spine, is this an adequate explanation?

-The white matter changes as you move down the spinal cord because there are fewer tracts going between the spinal cord and brain.

-The grey matter changes as you move down the spinal cord because the amount of motor nerve cell bodies changes, according to the region of the body. For example, there will be more motor nerve cell bodies in the areas of the limbs.

[Starlight]

Hey guys,

For why the white matter/grey matter composition of the spinal cord changes, as you move down the spine, is this an adequate explanation?

-The white matter changes as you move down the spinal cord because there are fewer tracts going between the spinal cord and brain.

-The grey matter changes as you move down the spinal cord because the amount of motor nerve cell bodies changes, according to the region of the body. For example, there will be more motor nerve cell bodies in the areas of the limbs.

I think I said something like the white matter contains all the axons going to or from all areas of the body for the cervical region and for the sacral sort of region I said that it contains the axons going to/ from the last couple of dermatomes and that all other axons had gotten off at higher levels. Same sort of explanation as yours I guess, mine not so specific.

Hey just wondering if anyone who has done anatomy can tell us whether the diagrams in the exam are hard or relatively straight forward?

[Turtle]

Thanks El, that makes me feel that mine is okay then.
I've heard that the diagrams are moderately hard.
Have you had a look at the old BIOM20002 exams (biomed human sf)?
They could give you an idea of the difficulty of the diagrams.

[nubs]

I've been told that a lot of the diagrams come straight out of the ADSL preparation material

Also, how are you guys fairing for first, second and third order levers? I'm having a bit of trouble trying to figure out where to position the fulcrum, resistance and effort, how do you guys go about it?

[seretide]

Any advice guys on how to approach this subject?

[Starlight]

Any advice guys on how to approach this subject?

Are you in second year? :l