Things like affirmative action (having spaces provided for certain racial groups at university, employing people because they are of a particular race, etc.) in a way are necessary, sadly. To some degree, people in racial majorities don't think this is the case because they are blinded to the systematic discrimination that occurs towards certain races. By virtue of the fact that they are of a certain race, they are often pre-judged. They also tend to lack role models to show them that university and professional employment is even possible, and that is a huge block to overcome.
I remember once my uncle (who is quite racist) asked me if I thought it was fair that an Indigenous person would get their entire degree paid for, plus extra, and I would have to work in part-time employment and such. And frankly, there is so much wrong with this question. Firstly, I think we need to keep our minds mostly on our own situation. Because certainly, while I'm a bit jealous that some people get paid to go to university, as well as the people whose parents pay for absolutely everything, I'm certainly in a much better position than people who won't graduate with a degree at all (which is something like 70% of Australia's population). Secondly, it was never any question as to whether or not I was going to go to university. Whether it's free, whether I'm paid to go or whether I would have to get into a lot of debt to go, it wouldn't be a question for me. I could wear those expenses, at least eventually. Not everyone is in that kind of a position. If an Indigenous student gets to go to university because the government or the university pays them, it not only doesn't take away the opportunity from me, but it gives the Indigenous community another person to show others that it's possible. I was lucky, I always knew it was possible.
It's important not to underestimate how much role models and affirmative action actually means to communities, including Indigenous communities. If your born into a place where absolutely nobody goes to university and nobody tells you that they are willing to fund for you to go, how else do you think it would be possible? Particularly given that you are guaranteed an income if you go straight into the workforce without even finishing high school. It's a long-term investment that not everyone can afford particularly given that in the end, nobody really knows what the outcome of a degree will be. That's why those sorts of policies are necessary.
I must say though, I do feel a little bit conflicted. For instance, I know someone who has one Indigenous parent and the other parent is white. She was brought up in a regional centre (not quite the same opportunities there as in capital cities, but still a lot compared to remote Aboriginal communities) where she went to a Catholic school where it was the expectation that most students would graduate and then go to university or TAFE. She now has a scholarship to go to ANU because of her heritage. The thing is, I don't think that she has been particularly disadvantaged. She may have had to counter some racism in the form of bullying or something, but she didn't have to counter a systematic lack of resources or role models as such. However, at the same time, she's still breaking boundaries. For instance, there were certain positions that she applied for where, if she got it, she would be the first Indigenous person filling that role. This is something I'm not sure about, and it's probably in cases like these where debates about affirmative action really takes place. Nobody would reasonably argue that people from remote communities suffer from disadvantage, but you could well argue that not all Aboriginal people do.
I guess, in the end, it really goes down to the question of role models, finding community leaders and people willing to lead others. For instance, this girl I know does do some volunteer work with Indigenous communities, and by going to university and having a scholarship, she effectively show them that race doesn't determine your ability to have a good education. In the end, I think that does more good than harm.