Unit 4 Exam - Suggested Solutions (Updated with every question).

[bomb]

Multiple Choice:

1A
2D
3D
4D
5A
6B OR D (up for debate)
7C
8C
9C
10D
11A
12C
13D
14D
15B
16D
17D
18A
19D
20C
21C
22A
23D
24D
25C
26A
27C
28C
29A
30A
31A
32D
33B
34D
35D
36C
37A
38D
39B
40D
41B
42A
43D  
44D

Short Answer:

1. a) Episodic; childhood and schooling are very specific personal events, and the names of friends/classmates would also be personally relevant to each of the participants.
       Semantic; there's no recall of the context/ time where the names were learned, so the names become just 'facts'.
    b) Condition 1: Recall; Condition 2 : Recognition
    c) Because recognition is a more sensitive measure of retention - the presented into provides cues
    d) No, he didn't have a younger group to compare results with

2. a) Because the overall shape/gradient of the curve is independent of the learning ability of the learner or difficulty of the material - the curve always takes the same shape regardless of the type of information.
    b) Because the names of animals were meaningful information, and hence more easily retrieved

3. The following three points:
    -She needs to visualise a familiar path featuring landmarks
    -She needs to mentally 'place' each part of her speech in a landmark along the path
    -She needs to then revisit this path during/before her speech to retrieve the landmarks and hence the parts of her speech

4. People can be presented cues about their childhood and still not recall events during their earlier years. (Unsure on this)

5. Variable interval

6. -The behaviour (wearing the gold chain) was reinforced (by winning) twice in a row
    -This lead to the acqusition of the wearing the gold chain
    -The positive reinforcement stengthened the behaviour of wearing the gold chain
    -The continious reinforcement has lead Frank to 'learn' that wearing the chain will bring the reinforcer (winning).

7. a)i. Sight of her mother screaming/fainting
      ii. Sight of the spider
    b)Use extinction by repeatedly showing the spider (CS) without the mother screaming (UCS) to extinguish the phobia (CR)
       OR  
      Use systematic desensitisation by pairing a pleasurable stimulus with the picture of a spider, then with a toy one, and then with a real one. (or a similar hierachy).
    c) The crabs may elicit the CR(fear) as they are similar stimulus to the spider, the similar shaped body and legs may lead the girl to fear crabs too.

8.  a) Operant conditioning
     b) By staying home, Vicki is avoiding an aversive stimulus and this is negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is an element of operant conditioning.

9. Retention is the process of commiting a model's actions to memory for late replication. For example a child memorising the bowling action of Shane Warne from the run up to rotation of the shoulder in order to later replicate these movements.

10. DV: Number of words recalled
     IV: Whether or not the words were related

11. Repeated measures

12. a) Counterbalancing
     b) This is used to mitigate order effects. Order effects occur when the completion of one condition before another either aids or hinders the completion of the next condition. Having one group do one condition first and vice-versa allows for the balancing of these effects.

13. It is hypothesised that first-year uni students will experience greater retrieval -operationalised as the number of words recalled on a cued recall word-pairs test - when the word pairs and cues being recalled are related in meaning, as opposed to when they are not.

14. Findings - (Descriptive)Mean scores show a large difference in number of words recalled between meaningful pairs and non-meaningful ones, Pvalue (inferential) was 0.02 so it was statistically significant and the difference in results was 98% of the time due to the IV. It was found that retrieval was better for the students for the more meaningful words. (This is findings, not conclusion/discussion/generalisations).

15.a) Independent Groups/Matched participants
    b) IG: Repeated measures is better, counterbalancing is used so IG really has no advantage in terms of extraneous variables.
        MP: Again, RM, MP would just take longer and really offer no advantages as counterbalancing is used.
HOWEVER, you can say something else as long as you can rationalise it.
    
16.a) Withdrawal rights
        Right to confidentiality
    b) WR:Important so that participants can leave when they feel uncomfortable/upsetted in order to ensure they do not recieve harm.
        Con:Important so that participants can avoid humiliation in the case they recieve abnormal results and they are publicised.

[Pumpkinator]

u know for first question of memory? do u think for group 1, you would have to say specifically that it was "free" recall not serial recall or cued recall?

[jackmack]

i put recall...

[bomb]

u know for first question of memory? do u think for group 1, you would have to say specifically that it was "free" recall not serial recall or cued recall?

I put recall too, I'm pretty sure they used the word 'recall' alone in the description, so it would be okay.

[minilunchbox]

I just put recall too.

Could retrieval failure criticism be that there's no empirical evidence of it. Is there evidence? I was reaching for that question, clearly.

[babygurl]

I pretty much got the exact the same...except I said free recall, and also I accidently wrote negative reinforcement for Vicki's  learning??? would that be accepted or would I have to write operant conditioning?

[courtney4892]

I pretty much got the exact the same...except I said free recall, and also I accidently wrote negative reinforcement for Vicki's  learning??? would that be accepted or would I have to write operant conditioning?

i wrote both....(Operant conditiong)- negative reinforcement......hopefully thats ok??

[minilunchbox]

I pretty much got the exact the same...except I said free recall, and also I accidently wrote negative reinforcement for Vicki's  learning??? would that be accepted or would I have to write operant conditioning?

i wrote both....(Operant conditiong)- negative reinforcement......hopefully thats ok??

I wrote trial and error learning.

[babygurl]

Do you think just negative reinforcement would be accepted?

[bomb]

I pretty much got the exact the same...except I said free recall, and also I accidently wrote negative reinforcement for Vicki's  learning??? would that be accepted or would I have to write operant conditioning?

Negative reinforcement isn't a 'type' of learning.

I just put recall too.

Could retrieval failure criticism be that there's no empirical evidence of it. Is there evidence? I was reaching for that question, clearly.

Sort of, people fail to remember things but all of a sudden remember things when given the right cue...such as witnesses back at the scene of a crime.

I pretty much got the exact the same...except I said free recall, and also I accidently wrote negative reinforcement for Vicki's  learning??? would that be accepted or would I have to write operant conditioning?

i wrote both....(Operant conditiong)- negative reinforcement......hopefully thats ok??

Should be fine.

I pretty much got the exact the same...except I said free recall, and also I accidently wrote negative reinforcement for Vicki's  learning??? would that be accepted or would I have to write operant conditioning?

i wrote both....(Operant conditiong)- negative reinforcement......hopefully thats ok??

I wrote trial and error learning.

I don't think that's right as she didn't try a number of different ways of avoiding detention, her actions weren't random and were more goal-dircted.

[bomb]

Added some more; would be extremely grateful if someone would U/L the exam or tell me more questions.

[Barny05]

recalling childhood names would still be semantic wouldnt it. dont know how it is episodic when not reaclling a personal event. There actually stating a fact in the actual name

[courtney4892]

recalling childhood names would still be semantic wouldnt it. dont know how it is episodic when not reaclling a personal event. There actually stating a fact in the actual name

hmm i said episodic.....what did everyone say?

[jinny1]

yes thats what i did too.... i wrote semantic

names are facts that dont change

[Barny05]

yeh happy im not the only one jinny1. dunno tho