For a stress-strain graph:
Toughness is how much energy a material can absorb before fracture. Therefore if comparing materials, the material that possesses the largest area under it is the toughest. As the energy it can absorb is equal to the area under the graph multiplied by volume.
Brittleness: How much strain a material can withstand before fracture. They are considered brittle when they fracture shortly after reaching it's elastic limit. Therefore brittle materials generally have a linear line.
Ductility: How much plastic deformation before fracture. Materials are considered ductile if after it's elastic limit (linear region), it continues without fracture in non-linear ways for extensive values of strain. Sooo the line looks long
Stiffness: How much force it takes to change the shape of an object. This is the gradient of the line (a.k.a Young's Modulus). Soo the steeper the gradient, the stiffer the material is.
Strength: The amount of stress it can withstand before failure. Therefore a strong material in comparison would be the line that reaches the highest point on the graph.
Ehh, that's how i understand it