Hielly's biology questions!!

[Hielly]

okay thanks heaps guys, im going to fish it off and try to draw the annotated diagram of polymerization.

i will be posting more questions soon !

once again, THANKS!

[Toothpaste]

okay thanks heaps guys, im going to fish it off and try to draw the annotated diagram of polymerization.

general diagram:


click to enlarge:
[IMG]http://i148.photobucket.com/albums/s4/Toothpick00/th_condensationprotein.png[/img]
example with protein formation from amino acids

[lacoste]

Is that meant to be Covalent instead of Convalent?
[In green writing from the Condesation ]

Nice diagram and drawing, how do you do that?

[shinny]

Is that meant to be Covalent instead of Convalent?
[In green writing from the Condesation ]

And was that meant to be condensation rather than condesation? =P Missing an n this time rather than adding it ahah

[Toothpaste]

lol oh. Ignore it, I cbf drawing it again. My spelling is deteriorating.

Nice diagram and drawing, how do you do that?

First one was a print screen from a textbook.
Second, how? See here.

[Hielly]

okay thanks heaps guys, im going to fish it off and try to draw the annotated diagram of polymerization.

general diagram:
(Image removed from quote.)

click to enlarge:
[IMG]http://i148.photobucket.com/albums/s4/Toothpick00/th_condensationprotein.png[/img]
example with protein formation from amino acids

hey thanks toothpick, can you explain diagram 1
thanks +1

MOD EDIT: Message taken out of quotes

[Toothpaste]

Condensation reaction – forming, synthesis, releases water
(The opposite is hydrolysis – adding water to break the bond)

Condensation polymerisation is when you have monomers join together to form a larger thingy called a polymer.

eg of; MONOMERS - POLYMERS
Monosaccharides - Polysaccharides
Amino acids - Proteins
Nucleotides - Nucleic acids

Alright in that diagram (first one) there is a dumbed down version of a monomer. It could be anything (i.e. the alpha amino acids in my 2nd diagram).

The monomers have a -H(hydrogen!) and a -OH(hydroxide!) coming off it as you can see.
Recall that water is . Two hydrogens, one oxygen.

When you join the two monomers. H and OH bond together, then voila, water () is released/expelled and a covalent bond is formed between the monomers.

What the first diagram shows now ("3rd" line) is "monomer-monomer + monomer". A continuation of the process.

If you keep joining monomers together, you get a polymer. In condensation, water is released.

read again if you get it:

2) Polymerization is the process whereby monomers are combined to form polymers, such as amino acids join together to form protein chains.  You could draw a more chem based diagram (using your chem knowledge ) with two monomers and the O-H and H forming H2O, although I doubt that level of knowledge would be required for the biology exam.

2. Annotated diagram: I would draw say an amino acid (NH2-CR-COOH) and another one and then put circles around the OH and H that are reacting, then an arrow, then draw the C-O-N peptide link forming in the middle and the water molecule coming out, all annotated properly

Polymerisation is the process by which polymers are formed, it is known as condensation polymerisation because it produces a water molecule. The opposite is hydrolysis. Your studies on 1/2 chemistry should help you fully understand this element of 3/4 biology

and yes you'll need this for unit 3 chem

[Hielly]

ooh thanks, makes sense now

[Hielly]

can someone please explain
polar and non-polar

thanks

[beezy4eva]

Polar refers to when a molecule has a negatively charged region and a positively charged region. It's due to the fact that when atoms form molecular bonds, the electrons aren't "shared" equally ie they will be attracted more to one atom than the other. Most important polar molecule you'll talk about is water:

As the oxygen is more electronegative the electrons it shares with the hydrogens are pulled more towards it, making the O end slightly negative. As the Hs electrons are being pulled more away from it, it becomes slightly positive because of its protons.

Non-polar molecules are ones that have no real charge, as the electrons aren't drastically pulled towards any atom. Easiest example to look at would be the oxygen molecule (couldn't find a picture i liked). As both atoms have the same electronegativity, neither pulls the electrons towards itself, so the molecule has no charge

[Hielly]

ohh that makes so much sense no! the book worded its definition weirdly. should be a tutor!

thanks beezy

[Hielly]

hey, can someone explain water- acid.bases. buffers

i wrote some notes on them but don't know if its sufficient, may need more?

thnaks

[NE2000]

hey, can someone explain water- acid.bases. buffers

i wrote some notes on them but don't know if its sufficient, may need more?

thnaks

Again, for a real explanation you might want to turn to a chapter in your chemistry book in Unit Two. But basically, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton accepter. An acid-base reaction occurs when a proton is transfered from an acid to a base

In biology, what you need to know about these is that they alter the pH, in that the more acid there is in a solution, the lower the pH is. This is important because enzymes require an optimal pH to function at. At pH's too high or too low, they can be denatured and unable to perform their function. Different enzymes have different pH's to function at. So for example enzymes in your stomach work best in acidic conditions. So basically we need to tightly regulate the pH: How?

Aside from different homeostatic mechanisms, the body has buffer solutions. Buffer solutions, as the name implies, act as a buffer to stop the pH from swinging too wildly: that is they help the body restrict the pH within narrow limits.

[Hielly]

YEP THANKS.
sorry, i dont get my chemistry book yet, getting it next week

[Hielly]

hey guys, back for more help

Need definition for these:
Universal solvent
Functional groups
(couldn't find these words in my biology dictonary)

Also these questions i need help on:
1. state how many covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with neighbouring atoms
2.identify the significance of cysteine in its formation of disulfide bonds.


Thanks