Post by: Hielly on January 08, 2009, 09:13:18 pm
Just have questions for biology
these are the question.
1.the macromolecules that are polymers are.... (Carbohydrate, protein and nucleic acids?)
2.Describe by means of an annotated diagram, the process of condensation polymerization of an example used in the text.
All i know is, from the textbook (Nelson biology)- "monomers link together when the hydroxl group of one monomer reacts with a hydrogen atom of another monomer,forming a water molecule, thus the reaction is called condensation polymerisation"
how would i describe by means of an annotated diagram?, and also can someone tell me specifically what polymerization is?
Crossword problems
6 letters, starting with 'O'.
6 letters, ending in 'N'
need confirmation on this one is it genes?[/]
Thanks heaps
Post by: polky on January 08, 2009, 09:19:47 pm
Crossword 3) I don't actually know the answer (have forgotten most of my biology stuff) but I'm pretty sure the answer isn't genes.
Post by: Hielly on January 08, 2009, 09:23:48 pm
Post by: Hielly on January 08, 2009, 09:24:35 pm
Post by: NE2000 on January 08, 2009, 09:25:47 pm
1. Polysaccharides, polypeptides and nucleic acids (or in chemistry they tell us polynucleotides)
Be careful with polysaccharides and carbohydrates, carbohydrates includes monosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides while we tend to look at polysaccharides as having >50 glucose molecules. In an exam once, it asked for the polymer name and carbohydrate was marked wrong
2. Annotated diagram: I would draw say an amino acid (NH2-CR-COOH) and another one and then put circles around the OH and H that are reacting, then an arrow, then draw the C-O-N peptide link forming in the middle and the water molecule coming out, all annotated properly
Polymerisation is the process by which polymers are formed, it is known as condensation polymerisation because it produces a water molecule. The opposite is hydrolysis. Your studies on 1/2 chemistry should help you fully understand this element of 3/4 biology
1. Forgot, sorry
2. Plant cell wall = cellulose, fungal cell wall = chitin, bacterial cell wall = peptidoglycan
3. Cells = the basic functional unit of life and is what I would go with at this stage of the biology course
Hope that helps, the peptidoglycan one is not 'need-to-know' but I went around gaining all this extra knowledge in biology so anywayz...
Post by: NE2000 on January 08, 2009, 09:26:28 pm
Post by: Hielly on January 08, 2009, 09:33:24 pm
for this
1. Polysaccharides, polypeptides and nucleic acids (or in chemistry they tell us polynucleotides)
Be careful with polysaccharides and carbohydrates, carbohydrates includes monosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides while we tend to look at polysaccharides as having >50 glucose molecules. In an exam once, it asked for the polymer name and carbohydrate was marked wrong
the questions asks me which classes of macromolucules are polymers, so the classes are
proteins,nucleic acid,carbohydrate and lipids.
So nucleic acid would be one and ...
Post by: polky on January 08, 2009, 09:35:01 pm
(Again a warning that this could be wrong. But I distinctly remember lipids NOT being a polymer.)
Post by: NE2000 on January 08, 2009, 09:35:51 pm
Nucleic acid, proteins and carbohydrates. Not lipids!
(Again a warning that this could be wrong. But I distinctly remember lipids NOT being a polymer.)
correct
Post by: Hielly on January 08, 2009, 09:36:23 pm
Post by: Hielly on January 08, 2009, 09:36:43 pm
Post by: Hielly on January 08, 2009, 09:41:18 pm
http://www.uwsp.edu/chemistry/tzamis/petpolymeranimate.gif
also i think the essential acid one might be omega 3? confirm?
Post by: shinny on January 08, 2009, 09:56:50 pm
Post by: Hielly on January 08, 2009, 09:58:42 pm
Post by: NE2000 on January 08, 2009, 10:00:10 pm
Crossword 1: Did you mean 6 letters? Can't imagine it being 6 words long. Anyhow, I'm pretty certain it'd be some variation of omega-3, omega three etc.
ah yes...support shinjitsuzx on that (as long as the 3 doesn't intersect with another word)
Post by: Hielly on January 08, 2009, 10:02:21 pm
i will be posting more questions soon ! :)
once again, THANKS!
Post by: Toothpaste on January 09, 2009, 05:29:58 pm
okay thanks heaps guys, im going to fish it off and try to draw the annotated diagram of polymerization.general diagram:
(http://i148.photobucket.com/albums/s4/Toothpick00/condensationdiagram.png)
click to enlarge:
[IMG]http://i148.photobucket.com/albums/s4/Toothpick00/th_condensationprotein.png[/img]
example with protein formation from amino acids
Post by: lacoste on January 09, 2009, 05:51:04 pm
[In green writing from the Condesation ]
Nice diagram and drawing, how do you do that?
Post by: shinny on January 09, 2009, 05:52:44 pm
Is that meant to be Covalent instead of Convalent?
[In green writing from the Condesation ]
And was that meant to be condensation rather than condesation? =P Missing an n this time rather than adding it ahah
Post by: Toothpaste on January 09, 2009, 05:56:54 pm
Nice diagram and drawing, how do you do that?First one was a print screen from a textbook.
Second, how? See here.
Post by: Hielly on January 09, 2009, 06:13:55 pm
okay thanks heaps guys, im going to fish it off and try to draw the annotated diagram of polymerization.general diagram:
(http://i148.photobucket.com/albums/s4/Toothpick00/condensationdiagram.png)
click to enlarge:
[IMG]http://i148.photobucket.com/albums/s4/Toothpick00/th_condensationprotein.png[/img]
example with protein formation from amino acids
hey thanks toothpick, can you explain diagram 1
thanks +1
MOD EDIT: Message taken out of quotes
Post by: Toothpaste on January 09, 2009, 06:58:34 pm
(The opposite is hydrolysis – adding water to break the bond)
Condensation polymerisation is when you have monomers join together to form a larger thingy called a polymer.
eg of; MONOMERS - POLYMERS
Monosaccharides - Polysaccharides
Amino acids - Proteins
Nucleotides - Nucleic acids
Alright in that diagram (first one) there is a dumbed down version of a monomer. It could be anything (i.e. the alpha amino acids in my 2nd diagram).
The monomers have a -H(hydrogen!) and a -OH(hydroxide!) coming off it as you can see.
Recall that water is
When you join the two monomers. H and OH bond together, then voila, water (
What the first diagram shows now ("3rd" line) is "monomer-monomer + monomer". A continuation of the process.
If you keep joining monomers together, you get a polymer. In condensation, water is released.
read again if you get it:
2) Polymerization is the process whereby monomers are combined to form polymers, such as amino acids join together to form protein chains. You could draw a more chem based diagram (using your chem knowledge :P) with two monomers and the O-H and H forming H2O, although I doubt that level of knowledge would be required for the biology exam.
2. Annotated diagram: I would draw say an amino acid (NH2-CR-COOH) and another one and then put circles around the OH and H that are reacting, then an arrow, then draw the C-O-N peptide link forming in the middle and the water molecule coming out, all annotated properly
Polymerisation is the process by which polymers are formed, it is known as condensation polymerisation because it produces a water molecule. The opposite is hydrolysis. Your studies on 1/2 chemistry should help you fully understand this element of 3/4 biology
and yes you'll need this for unit 3 chem
Post by: Hielly on January 09, 2009, 09:57:28 pm
Post by: Hielly on January 11, 2009, 01:03:56 pm
polar and non-polar
thanks
Post by: beezy4eva on January 11, 2009, 07:46:42 pm
(http://www.marietta.edu/~mcshaffd/aquatic/sextant/physmol.gif)
As the oxygen is more electronegative the electrons it shares with the hydrogens are pulled more towards it, making the O end slightly negative. As the Hs electrons are being pulled more away from it, it becomes slightly positive because of its protons.
Non-polar molecules are ones that have no real charge, as the electrons aren't drastically pulled towards any atom. Easiest example to look at would be the oxygen molecule (couldn't find a picture i liked). As both atoms have the same electronegativity, neither pulls the electrons towards itself, so the molecule has no charge
Post by: Hielly on January 11, 2009, 10:14:44 pm
thanks beezy
Post by: Hielly on January 12, 2009, 03:27:24 pm
i wrote some notes on them but don't know if its sufficient, may need more?
thnaks
Post by: NE2000 on January 12, 2009, 03:57:12 pm
hey, can someone explain water- acid.bases. buffers
i wrote some notes on them but don't know if its sufficient, may need more?
thnaks
Again, for a real explanation you might want to turn to a chapter in your chemistry book in Unit Two. But basically, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton accepter. An acid-base reaction occurs when a proton is transfered from an acid to a base
In biology, what you need to know about these is that they alter the pH, in that the more acid there is in a solution, the lower the pH is. This is important because enzymes require an optimal pH to function at. At pH's too high or too low, they can be denatured and unable to perform their function. Different enzymes have different pH's to function at. So for example enzymes in your stomach work best in acidic conditions. So basically we need to tightly regulate the pH: How?
Aside from different homeostatic mechanisms, the body has buffer solutions. Buffer solutions, as the name implies, act as a buffer to stop the pH from swinging too wildly: that is they help the body restrict the pH within narrow limits.
Post by: Hielly on January 12, 2009, 04:08:23 pm
sorry, i dont get my chemistry book yet, getting it next week
Post by: Hielly on January 18, 2009, 11:08:29 pm
Need definition for these:
Functional groups
(couldn't find these words in my biology dictonary)
Also these questions i need help on:
2.identify the significance of cysteine in its formation of disulfide bonds.
Thanks
Post by: polky on January 18, 2009, 11:12:28 pm
2) Cysteine has Sulphur (S) atoms in it's molecular formula, so it can form disulfide bonds with other cysteines or other amino acids that have S as well.
Post by: shinny on January 18, 2009, 11:17:07 pm
Functional groups;
Quote from: Wikipedia
A specific group of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
2. Just going further from polky's, these di-sulfide bonds are the only covalent bonds (these are very strong) which occur ACROSS the polypeptide. These rigid bonds hence often determine the shape of the tertiary and quaternary structures of molecules.
Post by: lacoste on January 18, 2009, 11:34:11 pm
These rigid bonds hence often determine the shape of the tertiary and quaternary structures of molecules.
For example: molecules such as protein
Post by: shinny on January 18, 2009, 11:35:39 pm
These rigid bonds hence often determine the shape of the tertiary and quaternary structures of molecules.
For example: molecules such as protein
Well yeh that was kinda implied...cysteine is an amino acid so it'd have to be a protein.
Post by: lacoste on January 18, 2009, 11:40:15 pm
These rigid bonds hence often determine the shape of the tertiary and quaternary structures of molecules.
For example: molecules such as protein
Well yeh that was kinda implied...cysteine is an amino acid so it'd have to be a protein.
Not necessarily, a protein has to have a specific number of amino acids to be considered a protein. A very short chain of amino acids are called peptides. ie. 20 amino acids of cysteine is a peptide
Post by: shinny on January 19, 2009, 12:04:49 am
Post by: lacoste on January 19, 2009, 10:42:28 am
Your use of 'such as' just made it sound like to me that you'd see di-sulfide bridges in something other than these two and that's what I was clarifying.How could I see it other than these two? But if the clarification makes sense to heilly, then good work!
I said 'such as' because most don't remember about peptides but only proteins. And you said that "cysteine is an amino acid so it'd have to be a protein." That often confuses students, but I doubt there will be a question like that in VCAA exam.
It would be better said if you said: Molecules that have quaternary structures, hence, so it'd have to be a protein.
Post by: lacoste on January 19, 2009, 10:47:33 am
Post by: Hielly on January 19, 2009, 11:29:52 am
appreciate it heaps
Post by: Hielly on January 19, 2009, 02:24:24 pm
Topic: CARBOHYDRATES
glycosidic links
starch granules
1)explain how the isomeric structure of a carbohydrate may affect its chemical behaviour
thks
Post by: Hielly on January 19, 2009, 04:08:10 pm
TOPIC- lipids
2)outline the key chemical difference between a phospholipid and a triglyceride. (not sure what it means by chemical)
3)explain how the type of fatty acid present in a neutral fat or phosopholipid is related to that molecule's properties.
4) suggest how the cell membrane structure of an ARctic fish might differ from that of tropical fish species.
Post by: beezy4eva on January 19, 2009, 09:05:26 pm
3. There are basically two main types of fatty acid chains: Saturated and unsaturated. A saturated chain has no double carbon bonds and hence it is said to be 'flat'. Unsaturated do have carbon double bonds in them, making their chains 'kinked'. Lipids consisting of saturated fats will have higher melting points and will be more thick as liquids. Lipids consisting of unsaturated fats will have lower melting points and will not be as thick.
4. This could have two answers. You could say that an arctic fish will have more unsaturated fats in its cell membrane to avoid its cell membranes congealing in the cold. Or you could say it would have more saturated fats in it (better insulators than unsaturated) and more cholesterol in it, as cholesterol helps maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane. I'm pretty sure either answer would be accepted.
Post by: Hielly on January 19, 2009, 10:41:29 pm
2. Put simply: A phospholipid is a lipid that has a phosphate group as a part of its structure. A triglyceride is a lipid which has three fatty acid chains as part of its structure ( if that doesnt make sense i can explain further, just not sure how much about fat structures you've already learnt )
Okay for this question, you mentioned the three fatty acid chains, but isnt that explaining its structure. It asks for the chemical difference ?
thanks for your help on those questions
Post by: hard on January 20, 2009, 02:23:05 am
no beezy explained it correctly. Basically a phospholipid has a phosphate class attached to the glycerole backbone along with two fatty acids rather than triglyceride, which has three fatty acids attached. that is the chemical structure.2. Put simply: A phospholipid is a lipid that has a phosphate group as a part of its structure. A triglyceride is a lipid which has three fatty acid chains as part of its structure ( if that doesnt make sense i can explain further, just not sure how much about fat structures you've already learnt )
Okay for this question, you mentioned the three fatty acid chains, but isnt that explaining its structure. It asks for the chemical difference ?
thanks for your help on those questions
Post by: Hielly on January 21, 2009, 01:31:55 pm
topic:amino acids
1)explain how the chmistry of amino acids enable them to act as buffers in biological tissues
topic:proteins
2)giving examples, breifely explain how proteins are involved in the following functional roles
a)contractile elemetns:
(my example is actin, but im not sure what they mean by contractile)
3)explain how denaturation destroys protein function.
i simply wrote it is unable to carry out biological functions, pretty sure there's more to it?
Thanks
Post by: beezy4eva on January 21, 2009, 08:39:00 pm
2) Proteins can be good for contractile roles, depending on their structure. Since a lot of them have structures held by fairly weak hydrogen bonds that can break and reform(like in alpha helices) they can stretch and contract.
3)I think they want more of an explanation of how denaturation changes shape and hence active site, ect.
Post by: Hielly on January 25, 2009, 04:47:32 pm
what are the special characteristics of light produced by a synchroton?
i wrote. The synochroton has a great intensity of light, this allows examinations of molecular structure in much finer detail.
This is only one characteristic, the question asks for more. (the plural at the end of characteristics)
thanks!
Post by: NE2000 on January 26, 2009, 03:46:07 pm
Thanks,
what are the special characteristics of light produced by a synchroton?
i wrote. The synochroton has a great intensity of light, this allows examinations of molecular structure in much finer detail.
This is only one characteristic, the question asks for more. (the plural at the end of characteristics)
thanks!
You do not need to know about synchotrons for Unit 3/4 Biology
Post by: Hielly on January 26, 2009, 07:47:44 pm
Post by: jackinthepatch on January 27, 2009, 12:22:36 pm
i came across it, it's a question i had to do for homework.
Really? I don't think we have to know about them...but I wouldn't say I'm 100% sure lol. Hopefully we don't.
Post by: Hielly on January 27, 2009, 12:24:30 pm
Post by: jackinthepatch on January 27, 2009, 01:03:21 pm
yeps it was the first few questions of the textbook
Ah well I wouldn't worry about it too much. You'll go over it in class anyway if it turns out to be important.
Post by: NE2000 on January 27, 2009, 04:20:55 pm
Post by: shinny on January 27, 2009, 07:04:49 pm
yeps it was the first few questions of the textbook
Was this from Nature of Biology? Alot of stuff in there is irrelevant...
Post by: Hielly on January 27, 2009, 07:17:07 pm
Post by: Hielly on January 28, 2009, 07:20:19 pm
i've been doing extra work in the nature of biology book, and i finshed the chapter reveiw but came across 6 questions i didnt get. The questions are in the attachement.
THANKS
Post by: shinny on January 28, 2009, 09:24:49 pm
b. Secondary (Should know from rote learning)
c. It is of great importance because the beta-folding allows the silk to be strong and allow the spiders to catch prey without them escaping.
2. It'd have to be the molecular formula of cysteine. Cysteine is the only amino acid to have sulfur in it, and so is the only one involved in the creation of di-sulfide bridges.
3. It's a carbohydrate. Straight forward definition question.
4. Everyone hates this question and I doubt you'll be asked it on the exam as it shows no biology understanding whatsoever. It's literally a jigsaw puzzle. Just join the common overlapping sections and you'll get
X-gly-met-cys-ser-cys-his-pro-arg-cys
Note: Yes I know it says nine amino acids, but it was pretty much agreed upon in my year that that was a typo.
5. a. No. There are a few different types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, ribosomal RNA etc) and it's impossible to determine which type it is without further information.
b. Yes, as it is now possible to state that it is mRNA as only mRNA codes for the creation of amino acids.
Post by: Hielly on January 29, 2009, 12:02:25 am
2. It'd have to be the molecular formula of cysteine. Cysteine is the only amino acid to have sulfur in it, and so is the only one involved in the creation of di-sulfide bridges."
About these 2 answers, i would have never got it. How did you knwo spider silk is made from protein?.. i've looked in the textbook and doesnt seem to say it. Also Cysteine has sulfur in it? :|,
Are both these questions common sense ? :S:S
Post by: shinny on January 29, 2009, 12:29:08 am
I'm actually not quite sure if the fact that cysteine is the only amino acid which contains sulfur is presumed knowledge or not, but it's a fact that I learned early on, and spare yourself the trouble of finding out whether or not you need to know it and just remember it. I remember doing a few questions which tests this fact so yeh, just keep it in mind.
Post by: WhoTookMyUsername on February 11, 2011, 05:42:03 pm
1.a. Spider silk is made from protein, so hence the monomers would be amino acids.
b. Secondary (Should know from rote learning)
c. It is of great importance because the beta-folding allows the silk to be strong and allow the spiders to catch prey without them escaping.
2. It'd have to be the molecular formula of cysteine. Cysteine is the only amino acid to have sulfur in it, and so is the only one involved in the creation of di-sulfide bridges.
3. It's a carbohydrate. Straight forward definition question.
4. Everyone hates this question and I doubt you'll be asked it on the exam as it shows no biology understanding whatsoever. It's literally a jigsaw puzzle. Just join the common overlapping sections and you'll get
X-gly-met-cys-ser-cys-his-pro-arg-cys
Note: Yes I know it says nine amino acids, but it was pretty much agreed upon in my year that that was a typo.
5. a. No. There are a few different types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, ribosomal RNA etc) and it's impossible to determine which type it is without further information.
b. Yes, as it is now possible to state that it is mRNA as only mRNA codes for the creation of amino acids.
Doesn't methionine have sulfur? (though it can't form disulphide bonds and is only a precurser to cysteine?
Post by: shinny on February 11, 2011, 06:01:47 pm
1.a. Spider silk is made from protein, so hence the monomers would be amino acids.
b. Secondary (Should know from rote learning)
c. It is of great importance because the beta-folding allows the silk to be strong and allow the spiders to catch prey without them escaping.
2. It'd have to be the molecular formula of cysteine. Cysteine is the only amino acid to have sulfur in it, and so is the only one involved in the creation of di-sulfide bridges.
3. It's a carbohydrate. Straight forward definition question.
4. Everyone hates this question and I doubt you'll be asked it on the exam as it shows no biology understanding whatsoever. It's literally a jigsaw puzzle. Just join the common overlapping sections and you'll get
X-gly-met-cys-ser-cys-his-pro-arg-cys
Note: Yes I know it says nine amino acids, but it was pretty much agreed upon in my year that that was a typo.
5. a. No. There are a few different types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, ribosomal RNA etc) and it's impossible to determine which type it is without further information.
b. Yes, as it is now possible to state that it is mRNA as only mRNA codes for the creation of amino acids.
Doesn't methionine have sulfur? (though it can't form disulphide bonds and is only a precurser to cysteine?
Yep, made an error there. As I said in response to one of your own more recent posts, both of them do. The only fact I learnt in VCE was that cysteine was the only one which made sulfide bridges, and I incorrectly assumed that meant it was the only one with sulfur.
Post by: Russ on February 12, 2011, 10:28:02 am
Post by: WhoTookMyUsername on February 12, 2011, 10:29:57 am
I suppose it should also be said that methionine is not just a precursor to cysteine, but this thread is 2 years old so I doubt it matters.Methionine is also a 'start' amino acid?
Post by: Russ on February 12, 2011, 10:32:23 am
Post by: pi on February 12, 2011, 12:00:28 pm
I suppose it should also be said that methionine is not just a precursor to cysteine, but this thread is 2 years old so I doubt it matters.Methionine is also a 'start' amino acid?
This is more Unit 4 knowledge