HELP ! (I promise answering my questions will reinforce your knowledge!)

[Zebra]

1)DEFINE:dna polymerase,rna polymerase (is it good enough to just say that the two catalyse the process of replication/transcription?)
2)Primers are short strands of Dna that bind to the promotor region of the flanking region to initate transcription right!?!?
3)What is an okazaki fragment?lagging strand? ( I CAN IDENTIFY THESE IF GIVEN A DIAGRAM BUT HOW CAN DEFINE THE TWO?)
why wouldn't a cloned organism have the same genetic composition as the parent who donored their nucleus?
4)Down's syndrome = 3n? or simply 3 chromosomes in the 21st set?
5)Are all plasmids circular? (is it good enough to just say its an extrachromosomal bit of dna in a bacterial cell?)
6)What's the purpose of having plasmids?
7)How can plasmids replicate independently from the bac. cell?
8)How is binary fission different to mitosis? (can someone plz go over the steps involved)?
9)Addition of antibiotic resistant gene into a plasmid allows us to identify which bacterial cells took the plasmid?
(BUT WOULDN'T OTHER BAC CELLS ALREADY HAVE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT ALREADY DUE TO MUTATION?)
10)Difference between DNA fingerprinting, DNA profiling (is gel electrolysis the latter one?)
11)Difference between a rna primase and rna polymerase
12)Biogeography= the whole purpose of studying(geographical distribution of an organism this is to support evolution right?
13)WHAT IS ADAPTIVE RADIATION?(evolution due to natural selection right? then, what's a term used to describe evolution due to humans?(artificial selction))
14)I don't understand how females start with their eggs from birth? (doesn't this take away the entire purpose of meiosis?)
15)How is female meiosis different to male meiosis?
16)As far as I know, mitochondria in our cells have non-coding parts that mutate at a fast rate, if this is true, how can we use
mtDNA to find more about our maternal lineage? (I ASK THIS BECAUSE I'M ASSUMING THAT THE CODING SECTIONS OF mtDNA in all of us are very very similar)
17)Can someone define what an independent assortment is? (two chromosomes in a homologous pair not affecting each other's behaviour during separation?hmm..)
18)Frameshift mutation=Blocked mutation?
19)DEFINE:Ligase? (is there ligase for RNA molecules too?)
20)How come polyploid plants can reproduce but not polyploid animals? (OR do I have a wrong understanding of polyploidy..?)
21)Why can't aneuploid individuals reproduce? (e.g two people with down's syndrome ? WHY?)
22)Purpose of test cross? Diff b/w test cross and back cross which determines allele status of offspring as well as being useful for breeding purposes?
23)Diff between incomplete/partial varation and codominance? ( Can we go through this again...)
24)If the pre-mRNA is spliced in many ways to produce different proteins, would all the possible proteins be different combinations of its exons or would it include any introns?
25)

defs of
Alternative Splicing

Gene Regulation

Reverse Transcriptase

Non-disjuction

Polyploidy


THANK YOU!!

[ReganM]

4)Down's syndrome = 3n? or simply 3 chromosomes in the 21st set?

Simply 3 copies of chromosome no. 21.

[Ravit]

1.   DNA polymerase is an enzyme that controls the process of DNA REPLICATION
RNA POLYMERASE is an enzyme that controls the synthesis of an RNA strand from a DNA template during TRANSCRIPTION
No you cannot say they BOTH are involved in transcription as DNA Polymerase is involved in DNA replication.
2.   HMMM... not really.
Primers I would say have a greater involvement in PCR.
They can be either complementary sections of DNA or RNA that bind to regions at either of a DNA molecule, these primers are extended, as they are used as starting points to form two double strands of DNA in PCR.
Primer are not really involved in transcription more so in DNA replication.
In this case short lengths of RNA primers bind to each DNA strand under the control of the enzyme DNA primase, and these RNA’s are used to build new the new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the primer.
3.   Okazaki Fragment: these are involved in the contraction of the LAGGING STRAND, by which short piece of the new strand (okazaki fragments) are joined together by DNA ligase to form the new DNA strand
Uhhh wouldn’t a cloned organism HAVE the same genetic composition as the parent that gave them the nucleus

[Drunk]

1)DEFINE:dna polymerase,rna polymerase (is it good enough to just say that the two catalyse the process of replication/transcription?)

Yeah, essentially. Might be a good idea to include what they actually do (i.e. DNA polymerase catalyses the addition of complementary DNA nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA in replication etc.)

2)Primers are short strands of Dna that bind to the promotor region of the flanking region to initate transcription right!?!?

Nope, primers are involved in DNA replication and other gene tech. In transcription, RNA polymerase recognises the promoter region and attaches to it without a primer.

3)What is an okazaki fragment?lagging strand? ( I CAN IDENTIFY THESE IF GIVEN A DIAGRAM BUT HOW CAN DEFINE THE TWO?)

Okazaki fragments are short fragments/sequences of DNA formed on the lagging strand of DNA in replication (formed discontinuously in a 5' - 3' direction).
- doubt you'd need to include the bit in brackets as part of your definition.

The lagging strand is the strand formed discontinuously in DNA replication from 5' - 3' due to the direction of movement of the replication fork being in the opposite direction.
- pretty sure there's a better definition out there haha

4)Down's syndrome = 3n? or simply 3 chromosomes in the 21st set?

Just as ReganM said! It can also occur due to a translocation (google "Robertsonian translocation")
- doubt you'd need to know much about that specifically though, it's pretty much just your average translocation.

5)Are all plasmids circular? (is it good enough to just say its an extrachromosomal bit of dna in a bacterial cell?)

There probably are a few exceptions, but in my opinion, I think it would be fair to say on an exam that a plasmid is a circular double-stranded molecule of DNA. And yeah, include the bit about it being extrachromosomal and stuff too.

6)What's the purpose of having plasmids?

I'm going to assume that you're referring to gene technology. Plasmids are useful as vectors - i.e delivering genetic material into another prokaryote. A gene can be recombined into a plasmid and inserted into bacteria, which can replicate the gene. This is used to produce human insulin and probably a lot more stuff.

7)How can plasmids replicate independently from the bac. cell?

Can't help you mate, sorry

9)Addition of antibiotic resistant gene into a plasmid allows us to identify which bacterial cells took the plasmid?

Yep! If the bacteria accepted the plasmid, then if they are grown on an agar plate with the particular antibiotic, they will survive while the other bacteria that did not accept the plasmid die.

I'll probably do more later

[Ravit]

4. Down Syndrome: Trisomy of chromosome 21, can be expressed as 47, +21
Or 47/XY, +21
5. Yes, this can be an appropriate definition but an feature of plasmids is their circular nature, they are a circular fragment of DNA, separate from the main chromosome, that are present in many copies and are exchangeable in bacteria.
6. Plasmids are used heavily in the formation of human insulin, as they bacteria and plasmids replicate very quickly, thus medical purposes.
They can be used in the transformation of bacteria, recombinant plasmids can taken by bacteria, these can contain an human gene which can replicate and make multiple copies of the gene through the process of gene cloning
Plasmids can also be exchanged amongst bacteria to build resistance etc.. 

[Ravit]

7. I don’t think this is true unless done by geneticists or something ... not quite sure ... not qualified to answer this, but they can cross cell membranes through the process of conjugation
8. Binary fission is a type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce, the single chromosome replicates prior to cell division, so that each daughter cell receives a single copy of the parent cell chromosome.
1. duplication of chromosome
2. continued growth of cell
3. division into cells
Searching up binary fission on the internet would give really good diagrams
Basically the difference is that it occurs only in prokaryotes, and then mitosis involves the action of nuclear membrane disappearing and appearing.
9. Not necessarily, mutations allows them to acquire some variation not all types of variation and resistance.
10.    Differences between DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiles
DNA profiles has numerous advantages like:
It is far more sensitive and requires smaller quantities of DNA as STR’s can be amplified using PCR.
Fragments differing in size by just one base pair can be distinguished
It is much quicker to perform in hours rather than days
It uses several singe locus rather that one multi locus probes
It use fluorescent labels rather than radioactive labels so each STR can be visualised by colour as well as size
It produces less complex pattern that are more easily interpreted
 

[Ravit]

tired ill do rest tomoz :DD

[Zebra]

thanks so much guys!!!

wow...