Hi
For this question
https://ibb.co/ep5bTa
https://ibb.co/jWxegv
When I take the cosine of this right-angle triangle, I'm not getting what they are getting. I assigned my theta at the 'corner' formed by the tangent and the horizontal from (k, -2) and the centre of the circle which gives me cosine = -k/-k.
I can't get their adjacent side of '2' it seems but I'm not sure what they did to get it?
The theta location shouldn't matter, both would be 45° and if they weren't, you'd just have to make sure you assigned the right value to theta. For your theta location you'd probably have to use sin instead of cos as you know the opposite (2, the radius. That's how they got their value of 2, it's just the length from the centre of the circle to the tangent)
Length of hypotenuse = distance between (k,-2) and the centre of the circle (0,-2) = k as the imaginary parts are equal
Note that they used (0,-(2+k)) for their hypotenuse instead of (k,-2). This also means the radius forms the adjacent side to their triangle, instead of the opposite side for ours.
You'd end up with sin(45°)= O/H = 2/k
So 2/k = sqrt(2)/2 so k = 2sqrt(2)
A diagram is very helpful for a question like this. If you're still confused, let me know and I'll draw up a diagram