1. When you need to find the angle between 2 vectors, always think about dot product, since that contains the cosine of the angle, then sketch a diagram to know exactly which angle it is referring to (since dot product is defined by tail to tail of the vectors).
2. If you sketch a diagram, it all becomes clear, basically it is asking for the perpendicular component of a with regards to b, in other words, find the vector resolute of a in the direction of b first, then use a - (that vector) to get the perpendicular vector, then normalise this vector to find the unit vector.
3. Similar to 2. basically sketch a diagram, so first find out the vector resolute of a in the direction of b, then use a - (that vector) to get the perpendicular component. For part b, I assume you want to find the shortest distance from point A to B, then just find the vector AB and find it's magnitude, shortest distance is always a straight line.