Hi
I just wanted to clarify:
1. Is the Golgi apparatus involved in transport of proteins both for use by the cell and export from the cell?
2. What is the pathway for a protein for use by the cell, which I understand would be synthesised at a free ribosome?
3. Which pathway would cell membrane proteins be transported via?
Thank you very much
1. Just export
2. You don't need to know this, the study design specifies that you need to know the path for export
Spoiler
• the role of different organelles including ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and associated
vesicles in the export of a protein product from the cell through exocytosis
3. I believe export (they'd be in the membrane of the vesicle which would then fuse with the cell membrane). But you don't need to know for VCE.
Question: give two reasons why the degree of DNA homology is a more accurate measure of relatedness between species than protein homology?
Would it be correct if I said...
-DNA homology contains compares non coding regions that generally are more reliable contain more variation between species because they’re not subject to natural selection, unlike protein homology
-DNA homology is able to show almost all mutations in the DNA sequence, whereas the mutations in proteins aren’t as apparent because more than one codon can code for the same amino acid
For the first part I would say something about more variation being present in those areas due to the absences of natural selection pressures rather than calling them more reliable. It's kind of missing context otherwise, more reliable than what? reliable in what way?
For the second one I would use a bit more precise language, 'almost all' and 'aren't as apparent' kind of make it seem as though you only sort of understand what you're talking about. When jargon is available for these things then try and use it - it's sort of just showing off what you know (having said that, don't use it incorrectly!) So I would say something like
'DNA homology can be used to compare individual DNA bases whereas protein morphology can only be used to compare codons, therefore DNA homology will show more differences between species than protein morphology and therefore be a more accurate reflection of species' genetic similarity.'
Having said that, I'm being super picky here haha, your answers are correct as they are