How is acquisition defined in classical conditioning?
Acquisition is when the UCR and NS are successfully paired through repeated associations, leading to the UCR becoming the CR, and the NS the CS.
(It's a bit sloppy but its the best I can think of)
How does the stress response precipitate a specific phobia?
I think you could offer more than one explanation, but the one I'm going to go with is classical conditioning. In this situation, the potentially phobic stimulus is initially the NS, the UCS is anything that produces a fear response and UCR is the fear response. Through repeated (idk if it has to be repeated as some people get phobias from one exposure) associations, the fear response becomes the CR and the phobic stimulus becomes CS.
How does adrenaline improve consolidation of emotionally arousing events?
When you experience an emotionally arousing event, your body releases adrenaline, which then causes the amygdala to release noradrenaline, which then signals to the nearby hippocampus that the memory is important and should be remembered. This then enhances its storage into LTM.
How does elaborative rehearsal improve storage and recall of LTM?
Ok I'm not sure exactly how to answer this question, so you can disregard my attempt if you want.
I think, basically, in elaborative rehearsal you're just giving new info meaning through associating it to stuff you already know. This makes it easier to store the new info because you already have a basis of neural connections which you can add the new info to. So then when you recall LTM, you have stronger synaptic connections (because the neural pathway representing the LTM is connected to other pathways you associated it to) for it than if you hadn't used elaborative rehearsal.
I also think elaborative rehearsal gets you to think more deeply about the info, and that in itself means you're paying more attention to it. According to Atkinson-Shiffrin model, it's then more likely to move from sensory memory to STM to LTM.