Is it mostly used for non-elementary integrals who don't have a primitive?
Well yes, because if it has a primitive then provided we can assume the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus we have no reason to not use it.
It's important regardless though. Just not taught in high school in a useful manner.
There is a whole variety of things that can be known as "numeric methods". Another is the estimation of roots in MX1.
It can be, but that integral Rui provided has a primitive (right Rui?), it would just be flat disgusting to actually do that integral
but I mean yeah, pretty much! In the HSC it is mostly associated to physical scenarios where using a series of measurements to make an approximation is easier than fitting a function to the phenomena 
It does but it can't be expressed in terms of the elementary functions. According to Wolfram, it's what's called the Fresnel integral. Much like how this one is handled with the error function
