Heya, I'll do my best
"should take on the traits of the fox and the lion"
I would go for imagery, since hes talking about the traits of these animals, the image of the fox is associated with being cunning and sly, and the lion is associated with being brave or confident. In this context the lion is about being more strong in your actions, meaning that you carry out your actions with purpose.
"All men want glory and wealth, but they set out to achieve those goals in different ways"
You could say its commentary. This is Machiavelli's expression of his opinion as plain as day. He's commenting on human nature, saying we are inherently greedy and we seek out accomplishment, while also talking about our uniqueness in how we all set about achieving goals in different ways.
“believe that the world is run by God and by fortune”
Antithesis? maybe? He is talking essentially about fate vs. free will. which is a key concept within the text, you could say he is presenting two contrasting ideas within the same sentence. Im not sure if that would fit in the context of the paragraph.
"stop being good, at least when the occasion demands”
Irony maybe? You could say that you cannot act in a good way, as by definition if you are acting good, then your intentions are not good. You could link it to the discussion of are humans inherently good or evil.
Hope that helps. Just a few thoughts that popped up. Good luck in exams!!