Part B, Section 1
From 'The Tennis Court Oath'
The Assembly quickly decrees the following:
The National Assembly, considering that it has been called to establish the constitution of the realm, to bring about the regeneration of public order, and to maintain the true principles of monarchy; nothing may prevent it from continuing its deliberations in any place it is forced to establish itself; and, finally, the National Assembly exists wherever its members are gathered.
Decrees that all members of this assembly immediately take a solemn oath never to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is established, and fixed upon solid foundations; and that said oath having been sworn, all members and each one individually confirm this unwavering resolution with his signature.
Bailly: I demand that the secretaries and I swear the oath first; which they do immediately according to the following formula:
We swear never to separate ourselves from the National Assembly, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations.
All the members swear the same oath between the hands of the president.
a. What, according to the extract, had the National Assembly been originally called to establish? (2 marks)
b. What did the Oath require assembly members to do? (2 marks)
c. Using your own knowledge, explain the events which led up to the declaration of the Tennis Court Oath.
d. To what extent is this extract useful in understanding the contribution of revolutionary leaders to a revolutionary situation in France by 1789? Refer to other views in your response.
or RUSSIAN
Lenin's Call to Power
With all my might I urge comrades to realise that everything now hangs by a thread; that we are confronted by problems which are not to be solved by conferences or congresses (even congresses of Soviets), but exclusively by peoples, by the masses, by the struggle of the armed people.
The bourgeois onslaught of the Kornilovites show that we must not wait. We must at all costs, this very evening, this very night, arrest hte government, having first disarmed the officer cadets, and so on.
We must not wait! We may lose everything!
Who must take power?
That is not important at present. Let the Revolutionary Military Committee do it, or 'some other institution' which will declare that it will relinquish power only to the true representativese of the interests of the people, the interests of hte army, the interests of hte peasants, the interests of the starving.
All districts, all regiments, all forces must be mobilized at once and must immediately send their delegations to the Revolutionary Military Committee and to the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks with the insistent demand that under no circumstances should power be left in the hands of Kerensky and Co....no under any circumstances; the matter must be decided without fail this very evening, or this very night.
The seizure of power is the business of the uprising; its political purpose will become clear after the seizure...
...It would be an infinite crime on the part of hte revoluitonaries were they to let the chance slip, knowing that the salvation of the revolution, the offer of peace, the salvation of Petrograd, salvation from famine, the transfer of the land to the peasants depend upon them.
The government is tottering. It must be given the death-blow at all costs.
a. What actions does Lenin call for?
b. Why does Lenin claim that it is not important who must take power at this point? (2 marks)
c. Using your own knowledge, explain the events that led up to this 'call for power'.
d. Evaluate to what extent this extract is useful in illustrating the role of Lenin and the Bolsheviks in pursuing the revolution in October 1917. Refer to other views in your response.
Section 2
France
'The actions and character of the Jacobin government prove that revolutionaries alwlays compromise their ideals in the hope of maintaining power.'
Do you agree with this view of the French Revolutionaries? Use evidence to support your answer.
Russian
'The New Economic Policy was an aboslute compromise of Bolshevik ideals and illustrated Lenin's desire to maintain power, for power's sake.'
Do you agree with this view of hte Bolshevik revolutionaries? Use evidence to support your answer.