What is

[lisafaustina]

The principle of segregation and the principle of independent assortment

[Russ]

During reproduction, segregation defines how the alleles/chromatids will separate and "segregate" - basically which ones will go with which other ones.

Independent assortment means that it's random, rather than being influenced by certain factors, namely linkage.

[cypriottiger]

yes and yes
but if you wanted to be more specific, you could say that the principle of segregation is the ratio of gametes produced, eg, an autosomal heterozygote will give a 1:1 ratio of dominant and recessive genes (G, g). The principle of independant assortment is as mentioned before by russ, random. It is how two genes found at the loci of two chromosomes will tend to my inherited independant of each other, an example may be inheriting brown eyes and by chance black hair.

[Russ]

It is how two genes found at the loci of two chromosomes will tend to my inherited independant of each other, an example may be inheriting brown eyes and by chance black hair.

You want to be careful with examples like these, because those traits are polygenic (and not necessarily cistronic either) so you can get contributing alleles on multiple chromosomes, which could create linkage.

[cypriottiger]

It is how two genes found at the loci of two chromosomes will tend to my inherited independant of each other, an example may be inheriting brown eyes and by chance black hair.

You want to be careful with examples like these, because those traits are polygenic (and not necessarily cistronic either) so you can get contributing alleles on multiple chromosomes, which could create linkage.

very true, thanks for the fix