When Solve and Int don't give you what you want, it's often because these problems cannot be solved using algebra (there are a lot of problems like this). Solve and Int both utilize an algebraic solver, which tend to not work for anything too complicated.
Numerical methods however works wonders.
nint does the same thing as int, except it's numerical (like Euler's method, a bit different but that's all under the hood, with ridiculously small stepsize and works amazingly fast).
nsolve does the same thing as solve, except it's numerical (specialist doesn't cover any root-finding algorithms, but it's pretty clever)
That problem in the first post can be solved fairly efficiently in one line with
nsolve(nint(4.9*(1-e^(-2t)),t,0,x)=1200,x)|0<x