Awkward moment when I have never seen this before. Awks.
Okay, I think what it's saying is to check the leading and constant terms of the expression (eg, if you have ax^3+bx^2+cx+d, check a and d), and make sure that the only factor they share is 1. (remember: factors are the list of numbers that the number is divisible by. For 10, this is 10, 5, 2 and 1. For 11, it's just 11 and 1. For 6, it's 6, 3, 2 and 1) If this holds true, proceed to the next step. If this does not hold true... You can probably try this anyway.
Next, guess that the linear factor might take the form a*x+d*, where a* is one of the factors of a, and d* is one of the factors of d. Then, just try all of those solutions in the factor theorem to see if any of those are a factor. I think the rational root theorem says that one of them must be? But I could be wrong, as I said, never seen this before, and the book does a pretty poor job of explaining it.