Yacoubb's Bio 3+4 Questions

[Yacoubb]

^you should know that electron transport occurs in light dependent stage. VCAA had a multiple choice question where that knowledge was necessary.

Hence, for light dependent:

-Chlorophyll in grana absorb light energy, exciting their electrons which enter an electron transport chain
-Water is split to replenish chlorophyll's lost electrons, producing H+ and molecular oxygen
-As a product of electron transport, ATP and NADPH are formed, which go to the light independent stage

Ah I see Was light independent okay?

SO Light-dependent:
- In the grana, chlorophyll molecules absorb light energy, exciting electrons that then enter an electron transport chain.
- Water is split to form H+ ions and oxygen gas to compensate for the chlorophyll's lost electrons.
- ATP (ADP is phosphorylated) and NADPH are formed, as a result of the electron transport chain.
- ATP and NADPH go to the light-independent stage.

Thanks!

[vox nihili]

I guess it would depend upon the context of the question and the specification regarding the temperature (and then determining how much higher it is than the optimum temperature of the enzyme). So to be on the safe side, should I just reference the disruptions in bonds holding together the active site subsequently altering the configuration of the active site as a result of heating an enzyme above its temperature optima?

Thanks for your help.

I don't think you'll be asked to account for the Chemistry of enzymes in this case. It's not a part of the course.

It is safest to mention both if you were asked about it.

[alondouek]

I don't think you'll be asked to account for the Chemistry of enzymes in this case. It's not a part of the course.

It is safest to mention both if you were asked about it.

I reckon you should know a little bit of enzymatic chemistry, such as how the function by lowering the activation energy of a reaction, and how denaturation affects the chemical structure of the enzyme (it being a protein).

[vox nihili]

I reckon you should know a little bit of enzymatic chemistry, such as how the function by lowering the activation energy of a reaction, and how denaturation affects the chemical structure of the enzyme (it being a protein).

Absolutely! Just not in that case I don't think. It's useful to know it, but no biggy if you don't of course.

[sparked]

Can anyone please help me with these questions from chapter 2 review (Nature of biology book two, fourth edition).

Q5-The folded internal membranes of mitochondria have many stalked particles on their innermost surfaces (figure 2.31). Given the function of mitochondria and where most of the reactions occur, of what advantage might the presence of these particles be for the production of ATP in the organelle?


Q6 In figure 2.31, you may have noted the holes in the folds of the inner membrane of mitochondria. Explain a possible function of these holes

If the first question is referring to the cristae, then it is the increased surface area that allows for greater generation of ATP through the electron transport chain, that the cristae offer.

Q6 holes? These pores in the membrane allow for ATP transport molecules to carry ATP out of the mitochondria and/or these could be the pores through which hydrogen ions are pumped (but that would be more explicit, hard to tell without the diagram)

[vox nihili]

Q6 holes? These pores in the membrane allow for ATP transport molecules to carry ATP out of the mitochondria and/or these could be the pores through which hydrogen ions are pumped (but that would be more explicit, hard to tell without the diagram)

They may also hide some ribosomes.

[Yacoubb]

I think I'm being driven to my destruction.

To describe the function of a restriction enzyme, would it be most accurate to say:
Restriction enzymes catalyse the cutting and isolation of a DNA fragment.

or would it be find to say

Restriction enzymes cut and isolate DNA fragments

Some prac exams solutions say you aren't allocated the marks unless you mention catalysis. I'm being driven mad.
 
Also, for genetic cross questions asking what the chance of offspring having a particular trait is, this is my template:

- Parental Genotypes
- Punnet Square
- Offspring genotype ratio
- Offspring phenotype ratio
Statement (e.g.): There is a 25% chance that John and Cathy will have a child with blue eyes.

^ Would that be sufficient for an explanation of two parents having a child with a particular trait and the possibility of this?

[simpak]

Just mention catalysis in case and I would also add to my definition that it cuts at a specific recognition site.

Yes, but I would also always state parental phenotypes before parental genotypes even if they're written in the question.  It's kind of like showing your working; usually in the question it will be like a female with brown fur was crossed to a male with white fur and blah blah blah blah and you need to show where you pulled the important info out of the paragraph...I guess it's each to their own though!  Just like to be as thorough as possible.

[Yacoubb]

Yes, but I would also always state parental phenotypes before parental genotypes even if they're written in the question.  It's kind of like showing your working; usually in the question it will be like a female with brown fur was crossed to a male with white fur and blah blah blah blah and you need to show where you pulled the important info out of the paragraph...I guess it's each to their own though!  Just like to be as thorough as possible.

Thanks for that!


I'm going to construct a log book and put all of this in there!

[Snorlax]

Is it correct to say the Second Line of Defence involves recognising 'self' from 'non-self'? Or is that in the 3rd line?

[dreambig]

Yup thats correct, the Second Line does recognise self from non self (E.g phagocytes engulf non self cells)

Is it correct to say the Second Line of Defence involves recognising 'self' from 'non-self'? Or is that in the 3rd line?

[Yacoubb]

Is it correct to say the Second Line of Defence involves recognising 'self' from 'non-self'? Or is that in the 3rd line?

The second line of defence involves macrophages recognising non-self (foreign) matter, and then binding to, engulfing & eventually destroying this antigen. However, the macrophages do not distinguish between different pathogens in the 2nd line of defence. Instead, they initiate the same response to any type of antigen that they come across, disregarding how often the immune system has come into contact with this pathogen,  because there is no immunological retention of memory involved.

So in a sentence, you can say that the second line has self-non self recognition; however, it is the 3rd (adaptive) line of defence that initiates specific responses when exposed to specific pathogens, possessing specific antigenic markers

[Irving4Prez]

This is from Lisa Chem, 2006.

For the 2nd row my answers were as follows:

Carbohydrates ... ... Glucose
I initially thought I could have written proteins but the description provided, "organic catalyst used in glycolysis" suggested it wasn't, as enzymes can't be consumed in a reaction.

But the answers suggested they were, protein and amino acids.

Confused 

[Yacoubb]

This is from Lisa Chem, 2006.

For the 2nd row my answers were as follows:

Carbohydrates ... ... Glucose
I initially thought I could have written proteins but the description provided, "organic catalyst used in glycolysis" suggested it wasn't, as enzymes can't be consumed in a reaction.

But the answers suggested they were, protein and amino acids.

Confused 

The wording of that section is wrong; VCAA would have the accurate expression. But the inference to it being a catalyst used in glycolysis should tell you its an enzyme, hence a protein, made up of amino acid subunits.

[Snorlax]

In the studydesign it states "disorders of the human immune response including the allergic response and autoimmune diseases"
Does this mean we should only know the details on allergic response and autoimmune disease?
Or must we know all the disorders of the human immune response such as Rhesus incompatibility, immunodeficiency, etc?