Biology Unit 4 Questions Megathread

[WhoTookMyUsername]

Thanks Russ!
This will probably be my last huge block of questions for biology, ever !!! ;(

0) is the cleavage furrow produced as part of telophase or cytokinesis?
1) is the expression of genes considered on or off by default?
2) when referring to the "upstream" region is it referring to the 3' end of the template sequence? ( so 5' of mrna)
3) can a regulatory sequence refer to regions other than dna that allows binding of regulatory sequences ( such as most downstream regions etc.)
4) is there an advantage of " reduced eye brow ridges"?
5) when referring to point mutation, is stating " a change in a single nucleotide base " accurate or is " a change in a single pair of nucleotide bases " better?
6) were all paranthropus herbivorous ?
7) what is the advantage of cooking meat?
does selective breeding refer to mate choice by humans but conception through natural means, whereas artificial selection refers to all mate partnerships selected for by humans, potentially by artificla means?
9) is splitting of embryos referred to as  production of GMO?
10) what is the best defintion of a gene ( code for polypeptide ( or rrna or trna?))
11) is a better indication of complexity of an organism the number of genes, or the relative proporton of non coding regions?
12) in the few non coding regions in prokaryotes ( e.g. Between promoter and TAC ) how are these removed?
13) in 2010 vcaa exam, it asks to explain transcritption, yet 2 of the marks have nothing to do with transcription ?( one is post transcriptional modification, other diffuses out of nucleus to ribosome) ?..
14) for a gene loci is it sufficient to say its position on a chromosome, or better to say on a pair of homologous ...?
15) can translocation occur in mitosis? ( same with other chromosome abnormalities) or is it far more likely in meiosis?
16) is the optimum  pH for fossilisation slightly basic or neutral (or other) ?


Thanks!
I know a lot of these questions are nitpicking, but its the stage of the year where i have to

[Russ]

0) cyotkinesis according to wikipedia

1) depends on the gene, depends on the tissue, depends on the circumstance

2) you can refer to upstream of either. typically we refer to upstream in DNA though.

3) a regulatory sequence is anything that will regulate gene expression, it can be via binding regulatory factors or by supercoiling in such a fashion as to occlude other sites etc.

4) nfi

5) Just say SNP

7) Kills parasites and worms etc.

9) what do you mean "splitting" an embryo?

10) Unit of heredity with a particular functional importance?

11) Neither is particularly good, but I'm not a geneticist

12) splicing, you don't need to know how

13) it's part of the process, what was the exact question?

15) far more likely in meiosis, can happen in mitosis

Thanks!
I know a lot of these questions are nitpicking, but its the stage of the year where i have to
[/quote]

[WhoTookMyUsername]

IThanks russ!
By splitting, removing a 2 or 4 cell embryo and splitting using a needle type device, dont think this is gmo but just making sure

13) exact qustion - describe the sequence of event that occur at process X ( which is transcription - as per VCAA answers )



EDIT: two more questions
1) In the peppered moths changing colouration due to lichen darkening etc.
The selective pressure remains predation by birds, so how do you refer to the changing lichen colouring and its effect in influencing the selective pressure action? ( is there a specific term im missing?)
2) eould you say that
Fossils in australopithecus are thought to represent intermediate life between apes and humans because
Thanks russ!
By splitting, removing a 2 or 4 cell embryo and splitting using a needle type device, dont think this is gmo but just making sure




3) are dna primers used in PCR ( as opposed to rna)

4) did placental mammals typically outcompete marsupials in most regons of the world. E.g. Asia?

5) how would you refer to the process of inserting foreign dna into plasmid, then inerting into a bacterium? I said gene cloning, but answers said genetic enginerring
6) do humans have a decreased reliance on smell  compared to erectus, habilis, australopithecus? ( ie. is it a continuing trend in hominin evolution)
7) what is the best way to describe the transmission of traits froom parents to offspring in natural selection, do you say, parents confer advanatage to offspring, or parents confer advantage to a greater proportion of the net genertion through their offspring ( as not all offspring inherit all traits etc,)

could someone give me a full  outline of the speciation process? I dont like mine as much as my current natural selection one... Just looking for a different  outlook







Thanks
[/quote]


9) when referring to the genotype considering linked genes, do you represent as say AaBB, or should you specify the linkage pattern ( AB/aB)

10) Given that e.g. let's say 6N = 42, the "haploid number - n" should be 7 right? (a neap exam says 21, so i'm confused)

11) were all paranthropus herbivorous ?
14) for a gene loci is it sufficient to say its position on a chromosome, or better to say on a pair of homologous ...?

16) is the optimum  pH for fossilisation slightly basic or neutral (or other) ?

[WhoTookMyUsername]

Bump added two more qustions directly above

[HERculina]

What is the difference between genetic drift and population bottleneck? Theres always a multiple choice q. Where they give you an example and you have to choose between the two and i don't know which one to choose -  so is there a way to distinguish which one the example is?

[nooshnoosh95]

yea well the bottleneck involves a reduction in population size
and gentic drift is the change in allele frequency in a population due to chance

so if it says something about decrease in population size then its bottleneck
and its its about allele frequencies and theres no change in population size then i guess it would be genetic drift

im not 100% sure but thats how id work it out
hope that helps

[WhoTookMyUsername]

In addition to:

Thanks russ!
By splitting, removing a 2 or 4 cell embryo and splitting using a needle type device, dont think this is gmo but just making sure

13) exact qustion - describe the sequence of event that occur at process X ( which is transcription - as per VCAA answers )



EDIT: two more questions
1) In the peppered moths changing colouration due to lichen darkening etc.
The selective pressure remains predation by birds, so how do you refer to the changing lichen colouring and its effect in influencing the selective pressure action? ( is there a specific term im missing?)
2) eould you say that
Fossils in australopithecus are thought to represent intermediate life between apes and humans because
Thanks russ!
By splitting, removing a 2 or 4 cell embryo and splitting using a needle type device, dont think this is gmo but just making sure




3) are dna primers used in PCR ( as opposed to rna)

4) did placental mammals typically outcompete marsupials in most regons of the world. E.g. Asia?

5) how would you refer to the process of inserting foreign dna into plasmid, then inerting into a bacterium? I said gene cloning, but answers said genetic enginerring
6) do humans have a decreased reliance on smell  compared to erectus, habilis, australopithecus? ( ie. is it a continuing trend in hominin evolution)
7) what is the best way to describe the transmission of traits froom parents to offspring in natural selection, do you say, parents confer advanatage to offspring, or parents confer advantage to a greater proportion of the net genertion through their offspring ( as not all offspring inherit all traits etc,)

could someone give me a full  outline of the speciation process? I dont like mine as much as my current natural selection one... Just looking for a different  outlook







Thanks

9) when referring to the genotype considering linked genes, do you represent as say AaBB, or should you specify the linkage pattern ( AB/aB)

10) Given that e.g. let's say 6N = 42, the "haploid number - n" should be 7 right? (a neap exam says 21, so i'm confused)

11.1) if carriers are shown on a pedigree, do they all have to be shown?

12.1) can the founder effect refer to say a population bottleneck? (population decreased in size, few give rise to all future generations)?

13.1) what age rock is u235 used to date? Half life of 7 hundred million years ( not conviinced text book is right)

11) were all paranthropus herbivorous ?
14) for a gene loci is it sufficient to say its position on a chromosome, or better to say on a pair of homologous ...?

16) is the optimum  pH for fossilisation slightly basic or neutral (or other) ?

[liuetenant]

Hi, can any one please explain this question?

Question 16
Alleles for any recessive disorder within a species could be eliminated completely from that species in a very short time if
A. only homozygous dominant individuals within the species are allowed to breed.
B. there is an increase in interbreeding between different populations of the species.
C. homozygous recessive individuals within the species are prevented from breeding.
D. only heterozygous individuals within the species are prevented from breeding.


The answer is A....but if only homozygotes were allowed to mate, then you've still got the heterozygotes with the recessive allele still there in the popluation! that way you won't be able to eliminate it from population :S
COnfused?! :O

[Russ]

If none of the heterozygotes are allowed to mate to pass on their shoddy genes, then the next generation will have none of that allele (excluding spontaneous mutation)

[WhoTookMyUsername]

Any chance you know the answers to my questions ( 2 posts above ) russ? Thanks! Some of them are driving me crazy ( 10 espec)

[simpak]

Omg I tried to quote and there were too many numbers arghghghgh.

9.  You specify the linkage pattern when you learn about cis and trans arrangements, which you have notttt.
10. Either the 6 is meant to be a 2 or the 21 is meant to be a 7.  Neap.
12. No.  The founder effect occurs when a chance event leads to the formation of an ENTIRELY NEW population from a very limited selection of the alleles in the original population from which they stemmed.  A genetic bottleneck involves the same population, just a reduction in the size of said population.  So in the former I am creating an entirely new group and in the latter I am just getting rid of some of the group members.

[WhoTookMyUsername]

lol thanks Mavis !
I'll repost the rest of my questions  - it is very confusing at the moment

1) In the peppered moths changing colouration due to lichen darkening etc.
The selective pressure remains predation by birds, so how do you refer to the changing lichen colouring and its effect in influencing the selective pressure action? ( is there a specific term im missing?)
2) would you say that fossils in australopithecus are thought to represent a transitional fossil between apes and humans because they have many features intermediate between apes and humans, or because they have features of both apes and humans

3) are dna primers used in PCR ( as opposed to rna)

4) did placental mammals typically outcompete marsupials in most regons of the world. E.g. Asia?

5) how would you refer to the process of inserting foreign dna into plasmid, then inerting into a bacterium? I said gene cloning, but answers said genetic enginerring

6) do humans have a decreased reliance on smell  compared to erectus, habilis, australopithecus? ( ie. is it a continuing trend in hominin evolution, why has the nose gotten more pronounced then?)

7) what is the best way to describe the transmission of traits froom parents to offspring in natural selection, do you say, parents confer advanatage to offspring, or parents confer advantage to a greater proportion of the next genertion through their offspring ( as not all offspring inherit all traits etc,)

8.1) (if someone has time could someone give me a full  outline of the speciation process? I dont like mine as much as my current natural selection one... Just looking for a different  outlook

9) Mavis you used the term "genetic bottleneck," is population bottleneck more accurate in this context, as a species may be in a genetic bottleneck but not a population bottleneck?

10) what age rock is u235 used to date? Half life of 7 hundred million years ( not conviinced text book is right)



To Russ - referring to my earlier questions

By splitting, removing a 2 or 4 cell embryo and splitting using a needle type device, dont think this is gmo but just making sure

13) exact qustion - describe the sequence of event that occur at process X ( which is transcription - as per VCAA answers )


THanks!

[simpak]

9: FAIRLY SURE THAT WAS just me because it was late and I was tired

[WhoTookMyUsername]

all the questions on the previous page apply ( last post)
but these 4 i desperately want answers for ! :O been searching everywhere online with no conclusive answer

1) are dna primers always used in PCR ( as opposed to rna), if not, how is the RNA removed?
2) ) what age rock is u235 used to date? Half life of 7 hundred million years ( not conviinced text book is right)

2.5) what is the best defintion for gene pool? Most seem to say something along the lines of " the sum total of genes within a population" - does this mean a larger population that are all genetically  identical have a larger gene pool than a small population with much genetic variation?
Until i just checked, i believed that " the sum total of alleles within a population " was the correct defintion.

These 2 are slightly less important
3) In the peppered moths changing colouration due to lichen darkening etc.
The selective pressure remains predation by birds, so how do you refer to the changing lichen colouring and its effect in influencing the selective pressure action? ( is there a specific term im missing?)
4) how would you refer to the process of inserting foreign dna into plasmid, then inerting into a bacterium? I said gene cloning, but answers said genetic enginerring

Thanks!

[Zebra]

2010 vcaa says...

the dna template strand is made by RNA polymerase.... is this right???