When you differentiate an expression that has constants in it, you can think of it as differentiating it as if the constants were some number, for example

. It just means that for any expression we get, that value (the constant) isn't going to change as

(well our independent variable) changes.
e.g.
=ke^{kt})
. For any value of

, this holds.
For part a, Hint: Expand the expression out first.
Now we need to know what values

can take. To find the largest value of this fraction we need to minimise the denominator. So first we look at

. The smallest this can be is when

, we have

. Which means

, and so

. So our upper bound is

(non inclusive).
Now to minimise the fraction we need to maximise the denominator, which in turn means we need to maximise

. As

,

.

. Now dividing by a really large number will give us a really small number, that is approaching zero.

. So our lower bound is

(non inclusive).
That is we have

.
.